19世纪的英国社会试图强化公共空间的性别区分。男女领域分离观念就是把公共空间留给男性的思想意识形态,试图把女性排斥在公共领域以外。19世纪的英国女性逐渐获得了一些与男性共享的城市公共空间:资本主义文明成果的展示场所;商业利润驱使的公共空间;专门女性公共空间,特别是女性专用厕所。女性可以享受的城市公共空间不仅非常有限,而且享受这些公共空间有时间的限制,离平等地享有城市公共空间还很遥远漫长。

British society tried hard to implement and strengthen distinction of public space based on gender in the 19th century. The idea of separate spheres was an ideology limiting public space to men only and excluding women from the public sphere. Women in 19th-century Britain gradually acquired urban public spaces shared with men, such as show places for the achievements of capitalist civilization, public spaces driven by commercial profits, and exclusive female public spaces, such as the lady’s parlor, in particular. But urban public space enjoyed by women was still limited in time and space, and the situation was far away from the sharing of urban public space by both men and women equally.

我国女性在追求自身解放的过程中产生了强烈的角色冲突与选择困惑，面对这一问题，教育作为控塑女性的重要手段也陷入了迷茫状态而不知何去何从。传统教育有利于培养女性特质，男女都一样的教育有助于女性的自立自强，但却都不能满足女性自身发展的双重需求。当今教育应如何选择发展方向？角色冲突的产生，与公私两大领域的性别化区分存在重要关联。因此，使公共领域与私人领域相融合，实施性别敏感教育，培养双性共生的“完整人”是当前以及未来女性教育的理性选择。

The women in our country produced strong role conflict and choice confusion in the process of pursuing liberation. Facing the problem, education, as an important means of molding women, is in a confused state. The traditional education is beneficial to cultivate the feminine qualities. The education that men and women are the same is beneficial to women free-standing and self-improvement. But all these can’t meet the demand of women development. How to select the development trend of today’s education? The role conflict of generation has an association with the distinction between gender politics in the areas of the public or private. Therefore, it is the rational choice of current and future female education to carry out an implementing gender sensitive education, and to cultivate bisexual symbiotic“whole man”.

随着社会的转型和改革的深化,政府对公共服务的重视程度逐步加大,应运而生的女性社会组织在参与社会管理和服务基层妇女的舞台上扮演着重要的角色。江苏省女性社会组织成长较快,数量逐年稳中有增,参与社会服务领域较广,在缓和社会矛盾、提供公共服务、保障妇女权利等方面发挥了独特的作用。但同时也面临着制度不健全、管理不规范以及各种资源严重匮乏等困境。女性社会组织必须通过规范化的管理和运作,积极整合组织内外资源,改善生存和发展环境,以促进自身的发展和完善,更大限度地发挥在社会公共服务中的积极作用。

With the deepening of social transformation and reform, the government is putting greater emphasis on public service. As a result, the social organization of women is appearing more frequently on the stage and playing an important role in social management and basic services for grassroots women. The social organization of women is annually steadily increasing in quantity. Women are participating extensively in social services fields, and playing unique roles in easing social conflicts, the provision of public services and protection of women’s rights, but still facing difficulties springing from inadequate systems, management and resources. Organization should develop and improve itself by standardized operation, integrating resources both internal and external, and improve survival and the developmental environment in order to play a more important role in participation in public social services.

空间作为权力的一种外在表现形式,无时无刻不在强化着其所蕴含的权力内涵。中国女性的活动空间伴随着女性权力、地位的攀升而不断扩大。她们的活动空间由家庭内部转向公共领域,她们的身体空间由束缚转向开放。这种由内而外的空间变化,凸显了女性权力的巨大变迁。换言之,空间表征着权力,中国女性权力的变迁脉络,在空间之中留下了深刻的印迹。

As an external manifestation of power, space is always reflecting and strengthening the connotation of its social power which the space holds. Chinese women’ s scope of activities has expanded along with the rise of female power and status. Their activity space has turned from the family to the public domain, and their body space has changed from the confinement to opening. The change of space which is from the interior to the exterior highlighted the great change of female power. In other words, space represents the social power and the change of Chinese fe-male power has left a deep blotting in the space.

文章利用三次“中国妇女社会地位调查”数据，系统描述了1990～2010年两性时间利用的变动趋势、现状及特点，得出以下主要结论：一是女性的时间分配呈现“三短二长”的特点，即与男性相比，女性具有工作时间短、学习时间短、闲暇时间短，而家务时间长、睡眠时间略长的特点。综合来看，她们的总劳动时间超过男性，劳动负担更重，尤其是城镇女性。二是婚姻对两性时间分配的作用相反：婚姻增加男性的工作时间，减少其家务时间，但降低女性的工作时间，婚姻增加其家务时间，表明婚后女性会牺牲自己的工作、学习和休闲娱乐时间，来维持家庭运行和经营婚姻。三是较高的教育和收入有助于把女性从繁重的家务中解放出来，但她们过长的家务时间又阻碍了收入的提升。无酬劳动占用女性太多的时间，不利其社会劳动参与、学习和休闲，使她们具有更大的依赖性。故此，推进性别平等，必须同时从公共领域和私人领域着手，需要倡导两性之间更为有利于性别平等的时间分配模式，需要倡导家庭内部分工的互助性和分担性。

Using data from the China Women Social Status Survey , this paper describes the status , trend and associates of time use between males and females in 1990 -2010.Analytical results suggest that females ’ time use is characterized by shorter working hours , study time and leisure time, but much longer housework hours , compared to males ’ .Since females ’ housework time is over two-hours longer than males ’ , leading to a heavier burden among females than males .Also,marriage is associated with time use divergently for males and females:increasing males ’ work hours and reducing their housework hours , while it is the opposite for females , suggesting that married females tend to sacrifice their social work time ( and also leisure time and study time ) to maintain marriage and the family .While better education and higher income reduce the gender disparity in time use, they are not strongly enough to combat traditional gender role .Since non-paid work takes on females’ t