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双语推荐：气速

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编写了焦炭塔空塔气速计算软件，并利用某装置实际生产数据，分别计算了生焦周期为24h和20h两种工况下空塔气速数值。计算结果表明，24h生焦平均气速为0．1395m／s，20h生焦平均气速为01494m／s，该装簧实际生产中空塔气速偏大。在空塔气速偏大的情况下，为保证安全生产，焦炭塔内所留安全空高余地过大，从而造成焦炭塔利用系数低。文章最后探讨了提高焦炭塔利用系数的可能性。
The software has been developed to calculate the vapor velocity on delayed coking drums. Based on the operation data of the delayed coking unit, the vapor velocity of two cases has been calculated. For the production cycles of 24 h and 20 h, the average vapor velocity is 0.1395 m/s and 0.1494 m/s respectively. The conclusions have provided that the vapor velocity is larger than the specified value. In order to ensure safety, the empty height is too large in actual production. Thus, the utilization factor of the coke drums is very low. Last, the measures of improving the utilization factor of the coke drums have been investigated.

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对空气气氛中甲烷/氧气反扩散火焰的形态和推举滞后特性进行了实验研究。实验中通过改变气体流量考察了气速变化对火焰形态演变及滞后特性的影响，并利用紫外相机系统研究了气速对不同形态火焰中OH*分布的影响。研究结果表明：甲烷气速、氧气气速和火焰的历史状态是决定火焰形态的三个重要参数，并以此对实验范围内的火焰形态进行了分区；氧气气速对不同形态反扩散火焰轴线上的OH*分布有相似的影响，当氧气缺乏时，反扩散反应区较短，当氧气富余时，反扩散反应区在轴向分布较广；同轴甲烷的气速对反扩散火焰的滞后特性影响显著，随着甲烷气速的增加，反扩散火焰的推举速度和再附着速度呈线性减小，部分预混火焰向反扩散火焰转变的速度呈线性增加。
Flame modes and liftoff hysteresis of the methane/oxygen inverse diffusion flame (IDF) are experimentally studied in still air. The effects of gas velocity on flame mode and liftoff hysteresis are investigated by changing the gas flow rate, and the influences of gas velocity on OH* distribution in different modes of flame are investigated using an ultraviolet camera. The results show that methane velocity, oxygen velocity and history of the flame mode are the key factors in determining the flame mode. Flame mode regimes are identified according to the three factors. The OH* profile along the axis of the nozzle in the IDF indicates that the reaction zone is narrow in fuel rich condition and broad in fuel lean condition. The hysteresis characteristics of the IDF are significantly influenced by the coaxial methane velocity. With the increase of coaxial methane velocity, the liftoff velocity and attachment velocity of the IDF decrease linearly, while the transition velocity incre

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立体喷射型塔板的喷射状况对气液两相接触面积有重要影响。在直径570 mm的冷模实验塔内,采用高速摄像仪对CTST的喷射过程参数进行了实验研究,并且基于不稳定波动理论建立了液滴群平均粒径的计算模型。结果表明:喷射孔气速是影响喷射锥角的关键因素,随着喷射孔气速的增加喷射锥角逐渐增大,当喷射孔气速超过7.5 m?s-1时,喷射锥角趋于恒定,其数值稳定在55°左右。随着气速的增加喷射孔处液膜速度显著增大,而液体流量增加时液膜速度略有减小,越靠近喷射孔顶端液膜速度越大。喷射区域内液滴的分布密度接近于Rosin-Rammler分布,在喷射锥角为[20o,40o]区间内的液滴数量比较集中,随着气速和液体流量的增大,液滴分布密度逐渐趋于均匀。液滴群平均粒径随气速的增加而减小,随液量的增加略有增大。正常工作范围内,液滴群平均粒径为1.0~2.5 mm。
The spray process of CTST in a 570 mm diameter column was experimentally investigated using a high-speed camera, and a theoretical model for the average droplet size study was established according to the unstable wave theory. The results demonstrate that gas velocity is the key factor affecting the spray angle which increases gradually with the increase of the gas velocity. When the gas velocity exceeds 7.5 m?s-1, the spray angle becomes stable around 55?. The velocity of the liquid film at the spray-hole increases significantly with the increase of the gas velocity, which decreases slightly with the increase of the liquid flow rate. Moreover, the liquid film velocity increases from the bottom to the top of the spray hole. The drop distribution density around the spray area is close to the Rosin-Rammler function and concentrated in the spray angle between 20?to 40?. It gradually becomes uniformly distributed with the increase of the gas velocity and liquid flow rate. The average drop

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在一套组合约束型提升管冷态实验装置上,通过实验研究了不同操作条件下提升管出口气固分布器的压降,并与常规气体分布器压降进行了对比。实验结果表明,在零床层及有床层的操作模式下,气固分布器压降均随提升管内表观气速和颗粒循环强度的增加而增大,在颗粒循环强度较低时,气固分布器压降曲线变化的斜率随着表观气速的增加而增大,在颗粒循环强度较高时,气固分布器压降曲线变化的斜率随着表观气速的增加而减小;随着开孔率及上部流化床层压降增加,气固分布器压降呈降低趋势,当流化床层压降达到一定程度后,分布器各孔方可实现有效布气,此后气固分布器压降趋于近似不变;在相同表观气速及开孔率下,气固分布器压降大于常规气体分布器压降。
Based on a cold model experimental setup of riser reactor with combined restraint outlet, an experiment was conducted to analyze pressure drop of gas-solids distributor at the outlet of riser under different circumstances. Gas-solids distributor’s pressure drop increased with increasing superficial gas velocity and solids flux, with or without active operating bed. The slope of gas-solids distributor’s pressure drop curve increased with increasing superficial gas velocity at lower solids flux, while decreased at higher solids flux. Pressure drop of the distributor declined with increasing distributor’s aperture ratio and increasing pressure drop of the upper fluidized bed. When the pressure drop of the upper fluidized bed increased to a specific value, the holes of the distributor were all able to be passed through by gas-solids flow, with the distributor pressure drop approximately unchangeable. At the same superficial gas velocity, pressure drop of gas-solids distributor

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采用计算流体力学CFD软件对鼓泡塔内部4种表观气速下内部流场的流体力学行为进行模拟。分析了鼓泡塔内部整体气含率及轴截面处（X=0）液相速度随时间的变化情况；并且对比了在不同表观气速下局部气含率和液相速度在不同高度处的径向分布情况。模拟结果表明，随着时间的增大，整体气含率增大速度比较快，到达稳定时间，整体气含率不再增大。在同一高度处局部气含率随着表观气速的增大而增大。H/D〈3时，液相循环流动表现为单相循环流；当H/D=3时，表现为双循环流，流型较单相复杂。
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to simulate the fluid mechanics behavior with four superficial gas velocities in the inner flow field of bubble columns. The internal distribution of overall gas hold-up and the change of liquid phase velocity in the shaft cross-section with time were analyzed. At different superficial gas velocities,local gas hold-up and liquid phase velocity radical distribution at different heights were compared. Overall gas hold-up increased quickly with time first and then stabilized. At the same height,local gas hold-up increased with increasing superficial gas velocity. When H/D<3,liquid phase showed single-phase circulation flow;when H/D=3,it showed dual-phase circulation flow,which was more complex.

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利用CFD软件ANSYS 14.0及欧拉-欧拉多相流模型,模拟了一种采用微孔曝气器的新型气升式环流反应器的气液两相流动,得到反应器内气含率和循环液速等参数的详细分布。模拟结果表明：新型气升式环流反应器的平均气含率与气量成正比关系;气量为2.5 m3/h时具有更高的循环液速。
The gas-liquid flow in new air-lift loop reactor with micro-aerator the reactor was simulated. The detailed distribution of parameters, such as the local gas holdup and circulating liquid velocity, were obtained by using the commercial computational fluid dynamics software ANSYS 14.0 and Euler-Eulerian multiphase flow model. The simulation results show that the average gas holdup is proportional to air flow in the new air-lift loop reactor;When air flow is 2.5 m3/h, it has higher circulating liquid velocity.

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吸附效应是热物性实验中普遍存在的一种现象。探讨了圆柱定程干涉法气相声速测量实验中存在的两类吸附效应,并分别分析了其行成原因;归纳了低压区气相声速实验中异丁烷吸附及解吸效应产生的压力变化规律;建立了低压区吸附效应对气相声速测量影响的模型,分析了吸附效应对异丁烷气相声速测量的影响。结果表明,当吸附与解吸引起的压力变化小于10Pa时,声速的相对变化小于1×10-5。接近饱和蒸气压时,吸附会导致共鸣腔壳体壁面形成一层薄液膜,壳体声导纳增加,频率半宽急剧增大,而气相声速测量值呈现较大的负偏差。
Adsorption is a widespread phenomenon in thermophysical properties measurements.Two types of adsorption phenomena in gaseous phase speed of sound measurements were analyzed.The pressure variation resulting from the adsorption in the measurement of isobutane speed of sound was generalized.A model was established to analyze the effect of the adsorption on the speed of sound measurements.The results show that the impact from the adsorption or desorption on speed of sound measurements for isobutane are no more than 1 × 10-5 with the pressure change below 10 Pa. However,the cylindrical resonator shell will be coated with a film of condensed vapor near the saturated pressure.The specific acoustic admittance and the resonance half width increase with the adsorption.The measured speed of sound near the saturated pressure shows a large negative deviation.

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以气液柱状旋流分离器( GLCC)入口管之前的小长径比组合立管为对象，建立一套气液两相流试验系统，实验研究组合立管内不同位置的液塞长度统计分布规律。结果表明：液塞从水平入口段进入立管段直至排出的过程中存在液塞减速与加速现象，计算液塞长度时必须考虑。水平入口段、立管段及水平出口段的液塞长度分布均符合对数正态分布；随折算气速增大，入口段平均液塞长度先增大后减小，出口段平均液塞长度则呈减小趋势。在低折算液速下，立管段平均液塞长度随折算气速增大而减小；高折算液速时，平均液塞长度随折算气速增大先增大后减小。液塞通过整个组合立管的过程中，平均液塞长度先增大后减小。
The evolution of slug length distribution was investigated in a combined riser pipe, which is the pipe in front of the inlet of gas-liquid cylindrical cyclone separator ( GLCC) with small length-diameter ratio. It is found that the slug velocity decreases as the slug flows from horizontal inlet to vertical section and increases as it passes through the vertical section. This phenomenon affects the calculation of slug length. The slug length distributions of the inlet, vertical pipe and outlet all con-form to log-normal distribution. With the increase of gas superficial velocity, the mean slug length of the inlet section firstly increases then decreases, and the mean slug length of outlet section decreases. With the increase of gas superficial velocity, the mean slug length of the vertical section decreases at low liquid superficial velocity, and firstly increases then decreases at high liquid superficial velocity. The mean slug length firstly increases then decreases from inl

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以水和空气为介质,在不同倾角的水平段和悬链线段组合中,研究气液两相流可能出现的流型及其特点,其中流型主要通过肉眼观察结合压力波动检测的方法来进行辨别.同时针对实验范围内出现的部分流型,研究该流型下管段压力和压降随气液速度以及角度的变化规律,并对悬链线管段为段塞流和严重段塞流时管内含气率、气泡长度、气泡速度、气泡频率等参数进行测量.结果表明:试验范围内共出现9种组合流型,4种组合区域所占区域最广;气液流速的变化对管线压降有一定的影响,水平管段的角度对压降的影响远小于气液速度的影响;液速一定时,段塞流和严重段塞流含气率随气速的增加而增加,气速一定时,段塞流和严重段塞流含气率随液速的增加而减小.
The flow patterns and flow characteristics using water and air as media were studied in this paper,which appear in combination of horizontal pipeline and catenary riser.The flow pattern was j udged by observation and measuring the pressure along the pipeline and catenary riser.The change of pressure a-long the pipeline and pressure drop with different gas and liquid velocities as well as the angle of horizontal pipeline in a part of flow patterns were studied,the parameters such as void fraction,bubble length,bubble velocity,bubble frequency of slug flow and serious slug flow in the catenary riser were measured.The re-sults show that there are four flow patterns occupy the most extensive area in the nine combinations of flow pattern.The changes of gas and liquid flow rates have an impact on the pipeline pressure drop.The im-pact of the angle of horizontal pipe section to the pipeline pressure drop is much smaller than the flow rates of gas and liquid.When the liquid flow rate remains u

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以工业规模喷淋吸收塔为研究对象,建立了塔内液滴运动数学模型,考察了液滴直径、液滴初速度、空塔气速、喷淋密度对塔内液滴运动及分布特性的影响。研究结果表明:液滴的临界粒径随空塔气速的增加而增大,终端沉降速度仅与液滴直径有关;增大气速或减小液滴直径可显著增大液滴在塔内的停留时间;塔内持液率及比表面积正比于喷淋密度,反比于液滴直径,提高空塔气速,粒径较小的液滴在塔内分布更为稠密,能显著提高传质面积。
A droplet dynamic model was presented for studying the operation of spay tower with industrial scale. The effects of operating parameters, such as droplet size, initial droplet velocity, superifcial gas velocity and spray density to the characteristics of droplet motion and distribution were investigated. The results showed that the critical droplet size is increased with the increase of superficial gas velocity, and the terminal drop velocity is only related to the droplet diameter;the droplet residence time is increased signiifcantly by increasing the superifcial gas velocity or reducing the droplet size;the liquid holdup and speciifc surface area are proportional to spray density respectively, and inversely proportional to droplet diameter. Therefore, actual mass transfer area can be signiifcantly greater at higher lfow rates as small droplets deposit themselves more densely at key interfaces in the tower.

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