清代各个时期的女性文学发展都极具特色,这些特色构成了独具魅力的清代女性文学史。顺康雍是女性文学理论与活动范式的创建时期;乾嘉道是两类女性文学传统重构与女性诗学理论完善时期;咸同是闺秀诗史观念凸显时期;光宣是女性文学最后的辉煌和落幕时期。理清清代女性文学的历史发展脉络可以从全局的角度去审视女作家在文学史上的定位,从而使清代女性文学的研究更深入,更理性化。

Women ’ s literature develops with great characteristics in different historical periods of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), constituting a distinctive history of women ’s literature throughout the dynasty:the first period (1644-1735 ) witnesses the debut of theory and paradigm of women ’ s literature, the second period (1736-1850 ) sees the reconstruction of the traditions of two types of women ’ s literature and the per-fection of women ’ s poetic theories , the third period ( 1851-1875 ) is the one during which women poets ’ awareness of the poetic history is intensified , and the last period (1875-1911 ) marks the final glory and end of women ’ s literature .A review of the historical development of women ’ s literature in the Qing Dynasty facili-tates a comprehensive understanding of each writer ’ s status in the literary history , thereby enabling a more profound and rational study in this field .

清代是中国诗学发展的重要时期,无论是诗歌创作还是诗学论争,都呈现出繁荣局面。作为清初诗坛上的重要诗人——宋荦不仅诗歌创作颇丰,诗学思想亦颇具特色。在不同的时期,对诗歌发生论、诗学宗法论及诗歌发展观等诗学热点问题,发表了自己独特的看法,体现出清初作为清代诗学复兴过渡期的时代特点,值得深入探讨。

The Qing Dynasty was an important period in the development of Chinese Poetics,both poetry creation and poetics showing a boom.Song Luo,an important poet on the poetry field of early Qing Dynasty,was rich in poetry works and distinctive in poetic thoughts.In different times,he gave his own unique opinions on the hot issues of poetics such as the poetic tempera-ment theory,patriarchal poetics and view of poetry development,reflecting the characteristics of the times of transition as the po-etics began to revive at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty,worthy of further discussion.

乾隆八年,四十八岁的杭世骏因上书言朝廷用人当泯满汉之见,触怒乾隆,被罢官放还,此事深刻地影响了杭世骏的后半生,也深刻地影响了杭世骏诗文的风貌。作为清代雍乾时期一个个性独特的诗人、学者,作为一个仕途遭遇重挫的江南士大夫,其诗文创作尤其是诗歌作品体现了典型的江南文化人的精神品质：高才自信、倔强狂傲、敢于担当、坚守气节,纵然清贫、绝不媚俗。这些在许多江南文化人中一以贯之的精神品质,在清代中期的表现形式,是和清代其他时期不一样的,而杭世骏的诗文作品,则正好给我们提供了认识清代中期江南文化人的精神世界的一个窗口。

In the eighth year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong (the year 1743),Hang Shiju made a for-mal suggestion to the court that people of the Han and Manchu ethnic groups should be equally treated in offi-cial selection.His suggestion infuriated the Emperor Qianlong and led to his dismissal from office at the age of 48.This incident had a lasting influence in the latter half of Hang′s life and also left a deep imprint on his writings both in verse and in prose.Hang is a unique poet and scholar,and also a member of the literati of the south of the Yangtze frustrated in his official career.A close examination of Hang′s writings,in particular,the poems written in his later career,shows that they fully embody the typical spiritual qualities of the literati of the south of the Yangtze,which might include,among other things,confidence rooted in talent,unyielding pride, a strong sense of responsibility,integrity,noble-mindedness,and an aversion to vulgarity even in poverty. These quali

子弟书是清代雍正、乾隆年间,北京八旗子弟创造的一种说唱文学,其内容有78%来自明清时期流行的戏曲和小说,22%为八旗子弟的原创作品。这一结果与清代八旗子弟对汉文小说、戏曲的痴迷有重要的关系,他们对故事艺术效果的重视,也提高了其作品的文学价值。

The Youth Book is a story-telling art created by the Eight Banners youths in the middle of the Qing Dynasty. 78 per cent of its stories come from popular operas and novel stories in Ming and Qing dynasties. 22 percent of the Youth Book stories are original works created by the Eight Banners youths. The large-scale adaptation shows the Eight Banners youths'' love and worship of Chinese culture and the mania for classical Chinese novels and operas.

清代为治理黄、运两河专设河道总督,但是,河道总督与两江总督以及河南、山东巡抚等地方督抚职权存在重叠,客观上形成了清代河务的复杂管理体制。清初,河道总督专理河务,地方督抚有兼管之名,而权力较小。雍正以降,地方督抚在河务中的权力增大,甚至一度凌驾于河道总督之上。嘉道时期,治河难度加大,官员动辄得咎,双方互相推责。这种职权体制的存在对清代河务产生了消极影响。

In order to harness the Yellow River and the Great Canal , the Qing Government set up the official of Hedaozongdu (河道总督) .However, the power of the Hedaozongdu (河道总督) and the power of the governor-general of Liangjiang (两江总督) , the governor of Henan (河南巡抚) , the governor of Shandong (山东巡抚) and other officials overlapped, thus forming a complex administration system on the River Conservancy .This system changed with the strategy and the situation of the River Conser-vancy, and continued to be adjusted .This brought great impact to the River Conservancy of the Qing Dynasty.