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双语推荐：重音

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近几十年来关于重音的研究很多，也取得了一定的成绩，但是关于重音的综述却寥寥无几。重音分为单词重音和句子重音。在单词重音方面，可以归纳出一些简单而实用的规则：强音群、弱音群决定原则，词缀决定原则，节律音系学的主重音规则和交替重音规则，而在句子重音方面可以归纳出实强虚弱原则，重音居右原则，TG理论的短语重音规则和复合词重音规则。希望通过这篇文章让读者对已经发现的重音规律有一个比较全面的了解。
In recent decades,a lot of research about stress has been made and much achievement has been made, but there are few reviews about stress. Stress can be classified into two categories:word stress and sentence stress. In word stress, some simple and practical rules can be summarized:principle of strong cluster and weak cluster, principle of affix, primary stress rules and alternat?ing stress rules in rhythm phonology, and in sentence stress, the principle of stressing the notional words and use reductions in functional words, principle of the stress in the right , phrase stress rule and compound stress rule in TG theory. Hoping that it can let the readers have a more comprehensive understanding towards discovered stress rules.

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目的探讨听障儿童与健听儿童韵律词重音声学特征的异同。方法分别对健听儿童和听障儿童（重音异常组，重音正常组）重音音节的音强、音长、音高进行比较分析。结果①重音异常组韵律词前后字的平均基频增量总体小于重音正常组与健听儿童;②重音异常组韵律词的重音与非重音音节的平均强度（meansyllableintensity，MSI）、相对时长（syllableduration，SD）差异总体显著，平均基频（meansyllableF0，MSF0）差异总体不显著;③重音正常组句中韵律词的重音与非重音音节的MSF0差异显著，而单独韵律词的MSI、SD、MSF0差异总体显著。结论①与健听儿童相比，重音异常组听障儿童表现韵律词重音的声学参数为音强和音长，重音正常组听障儿童则为音高，②听障儿童韵律词单独出现时与在句中出现时的重音情况不同。
Objective To study the difference of the acoustic characteristics of stresses of prosodic words between hearing-impaired and normal-hearing children. Methods The three acoustic parameters including intensity, duration and basic frequency of the stressed syllable were compared between hearing-impaired (abnormal stressed and normal stressed)and normal-hearing children. Results (1)The increment of mean syllable F0 of the abnormal stressed group was smaller than that of the normal stressed group and normal-hearing group. (2)For the abnormal stressed group, the differences of the mean syllable intensity(MSI) and syllable duration(SD) between stressed and unstressed syllables were significant and the differences of mean syllable F0(MSF0) were insignicant. (3)For the normal stressed group,the differences of the MSF0 between stressed and unstressed syllables of the prosodic words in sentences were significant, but the differences of the MSI, SD MSF0 between stressed and unstressed syllables of

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中国学习者在英语单词听说时，常犯重音位移错误，主要表现为将第一个音节重音后移至第二个音节，因此探究英语重音后移原因具有重要的现实意义。本文从语内和语际因素探讨了重音后移的原因。研究发现，重音后移受英语同形词、同根词及先入为主思维模式的影响，以及汉语拼音模式、汉语重音模式、汉语音节节奏、汉语发音部位与方法及中国人思维方式影响。重音位移原因分析为英语语言教学及研究提供指导。
Abstact:Word stress misplacement is the common error made by the Chinese learners of English , who usually stressed the second syllable instead of the first one by mistake .In this sense, it is of significance to study the error.This paper is thus aimed at exploring the intralingual and interlingual factors which cause the English stress misplacement .The result shows that word stress misplacement is affected by homograph , conjugate and thinking model of first impressions , as well as by Chinese pinyin mode, stress mode, syllable rhythm, articulation and the Chinese thought pattern .This paper also provides instructions for English teaching and research.

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从俄语重音发展的历史来看，由于长期以来重音的变动性很强，位置不固定，每次字典的修订都会影响到重音标准的重新选择和确认。特别是20世纪90年代以来，由于公共语言作用的增加，外来语引入的影响，新兴词汇的进入，俄语重音的规范问题变得越来越突出。因此，探讨近些年俄语重音发展变化的原因和趋势，以确定新的规范，具有重要的学术意义和分析价值。
From the history of the development of the Russian accent, its position is not ifxed for a long term and its characteristic lies in the high variability. Every time new dictionary revision will affect the re-selection and conifrmation of the standard of the accent. Especially since the 1990s, due to the increase in the role of the common language, the impact of the introduction of foreign words, the entry of new vocabulary from the internet, the issues of standard Russian accent are becoming increasingly noticeable and significant. Therefore, the discussion of the causes for the shaking standard Russian accent, the development and active changes of the Russian accent in recent years have academic signiifcance and analytical value in determining the new norms in the ifeld of Russian accent.

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重音在日语中具有举足轻重的作用,在日常的实际教学过程中,日语学习者对日语语音中重音的学习往往感觉杂乱无章,只凭死记硬背,难以取得较好的教学效果。试从日语词性分类以及后续助词、助动词和特殊音等方面,对日语重音的规律加以归纳总结,旨在帮助日语学习者更好地掌握日语重音,学好日语。
Stress plays a decisive role in Japanese language. In daily practical teaching process, Japanese learners often feel puzzled in stress study, so they could only choose rote learning. It is dififcult to achieve good teaching results. The article tries to start from Japanese etymology classifcation, subsequent auxiliary, auxiliary verbs, special sound and so on, and makes a general summary of Japanese stress rules in order to help and inspire Japanese learner to better master Japanese stress and learn Japanese well.

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介绍英语语音语调相关知识,根据国内英语学习者现状,研究基于重音与韵律的英语句子客观评价系统,通过提取语音的能量特征,对英语句子进行重音划分,使用改进的成对变异指数(Pairwise Variability Index,PVI)算法作为句子评价核心,旨在提高说话人对英语句子的重音与节奏的把握.
The general knowledge of English pronunciation and intonation are introduced. To explore the ways to improve the domestic English learners’pronunciation and intonation, besides, to help learners better handle the speech prosody, especially in sentence stress and rhythm, an objective evaluation system of English sentences is established, which extracts the energy charac-teristics, marks the stressed syllables, and evaluates the test sentence by using the improved PVI(Pairwise Variability Index).

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在Stress-XP的理论框架之下,对汉语三大特殊句式重动句、兼语句和存现句的每一种类型做了结构分析,画出了每一种结构的深层句法推导,并利用Stress-XP理论对每一种句型的重音做了分析。通过分析汉语特殊句式的重音可以看出,汉语句的主要重音大多数情况下落在句尾的动词上,而对于少数的作为焦点或话题的名词也可通过成分中心词的移位而在句首位置获取句子的首要重音。
Based on the theoretical frame work of Stress-XP,it investigates three special sentence structures in mandarin,namely verb-copying sentence,pivotal sentence,and existential sentence. The paper draws the syntactic structure of each type of sentences and analyzes the stress of each one. Through the analysis,the paper finds that most of the cases in Mandarin,the stress falls onto the final part of the sentence. However,a few of nouns in the initial part of the sentence which are the focus or topic of the sentence can also acquire the stress via the displacement of the head.

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在现场口译中，发言人各式各样、变化多端的停顿和重音分布从某种程度上会对口译译员的译语产出造成影响，从而导致误译。因此，译入语的质量和清楚程度十分依赖发言人的停顿和重音分布。
In live interpretation, speakers’various and variable patterns of pause and stress distribution may exert certain influenc-es upon interpreters’output to some extent, and thus trigger misinterpretations. Hence, the quality and understandability of the interpreted language hinges greatly on the speakers’pause and stress distribution.

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通过感知实验和声学分析对汉语普通话自然独白话语的两音节韵律词的不同重音类型（前重和后重）的音高和时长特征进行研究,发现两音节韵律词的词重音类型以前重类型居多。声调起点音高的类型、停顿和音高重设现象在重音的感知听辨中很重要。在不同的韵律层级结构边界前,重读音节的特点都是音高的上限和下限提高,但是音高域不扩大,与此同时,时长会出现加长的现象。
The paper analyzes the duration and pitch of the accented syllable in disyllabic prosodic words of Mandarin monologue through perception experiment and acoustic analysis. The left syllable tends to be perceived as the accented one by listeners in the perception test. The high tone and the falling tone with high pitch onset are more easily perceived as accented. Besides the contributing factors such as onset, pause and pitch resetting, the pitch floor and the pitch ceiling of accented syllables are raised, and the normalized duration of accented syllables are lengthened before different prosodic hierarchical boundaries, whereas the pitch range of accented syllables is not expanded.

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同形异义词即形态完全相同，但读音和意义不同的词汇。英语有很多这样的词汇。有不少词即可以做动词，也可以作名词，但其读音也随着词性的改变而改变。该文根据生成音位学和英语重音指派的基本规律，用优选论的评估器，试图阐释出同形异义词的重音落点规律。
Homonyms in English are different words which share the same morpheme but differ in sound and meaning. There are many homonyms in English, among which some can be used as both verbs and nouns. As the meanings and part of speech change, the pronunciation of homonyms changes too. Based on the rules of generative phonology and stress assignment in Eng-lish, this paper aims to explain illuminate the stress placing discipline of English homonyms by using the evaluation system of Op-timal Theory.

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