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双语推荐：高技术产品贸易

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目前,中国高技术产品贸易已经颇具规模,贸易总量大幅增长,连续十年保持顺差,但是区域发展不平衡,对外资依存度过高,技术研发投入偏少,仍处于国际产业链低端。选用贸易特化指数和出口结构相似指数对中国高技术产品的国际竞争力进行测度。得出结论:中国高技术产品贸易的贸易特化指数较低,表明国际竞争力较弱,中国和美国的贸易特化指数相似度较高,与金砖国家的出口结构较为相似。
Currently,China’ s hi-tech trade has been a great scale,and the trade volume grows rapidly,exports records a sur-plus for 10 years.But the imbalane of regional development,high foreign degree of dependency,remains at the lower end of global industrial chain.This paper analyzed its detailed characteristics and found that :China’s hi-tech trade depends on sev-eral districts and foreign owned companies ;it’s been locked in low process stage in global intra -product division,thus been weakness in world competitiveness.China has to develop hi-tech good mechanism and change its growth model .Finally we hope to push China’ s hi-tech trade to both ends of chain value.

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专利与贸易之间有着密切联系,专利不仅能够促进出口发展,同样受到进口的反作用。对于知识技术密集度高的高技术产品贸易,专利的作用尤为突出。欧盟是中国高技术产品进口的重要来源地。文章首先对中-欧高技术产品进口及相关专利现状进行分析;之后,建立VAR模型对进口与专利的关系进行探讨;最后,针对研究中发现的问题和对中-欧高技术产品贸易的长远发展的考虑,提出政策建议。
There is a close link between the patent strategy and international trade. Patents can not only promote export development, but also subject to the reaction of imports, especially for the high-tech products with technology-intensive and knowledge-intensive features. The EU is China’s important partner in economic and trade cooperation, as well as in the field of high-tech products trade. The paper analyzes China-EU high-tech products imports and patent status firstly. Then, we build the VAR model to explore the relationship between the import and patent. Finally, based on the study and consideration of long-term development of the China-EU high-tech products trade, the paper makes a number of policy recommendations.

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国际金融危机爆发以来,中国高技术产品出口规模不断扩大,国际地位日益提升。本文对国际金融危机以来中国高技术产品出口规模、产品技术领域、出口市场、贸易方式、企业主体类型与来源地等5个方面的变动及其原因进行分析。为促进中国高技术产品出口持续健康发展,认为政府应实施商务外交、扩大不可申诉补贴、加大财政对科研投入力度,企业应提高出口产品附加值,加入跨国战略联盟。
From the international financial crisis to now ,the export of China’s High - tech products export has expanded , and its international status has improved .This paper analyzes the changes and reasons about scale ,field of product technology ,export trade part-ner ,trade mode ,corporation type and product origin .On these basis , it points that government should implement commercial diplomacy , extend non - actionable subsidy and enlarge public finance investment in scientific research .And enterprises should enhance the added val-ue of the export products , and join the international strategic alliance . Then we can promote the sustained and healthy development of China’s high - tech products export .

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本文采用2001-2011年的全球贸易数据,从产品技术含量的视角比较了中德出口商品结构。与2001年相比,2011年中国中技术含量产品出口比例最高,形成两头小、中间大的格局,而同期德国变化最大的是高技术含量产品出口比例有所提升;在2001-2011年的绝大多数年份里,中国出口商品整体技术水平超过了德国,但就技术高度而言远落后于德国;中国出口商品技术结构变动幅度大,德国则比较稳定;除了2004-2006年间中国的出口结构优化程度高于德国外,其余时段德国出口商品结构质量更高;中国高技术产品优化较明显,但仍没有德国高技术产品的优化度高。
With global trade data from 2001 to 2011 , the thesis compares China and Germany′s export commodities structure from the perspective of technical content .Compared with 2001 , in 2011 the proportion of China′s medium technical content exports was the highest , forming pattern of small at both ends and large in middle , while the biggest change in Germany was the proportion of high technical content exports rises gradually ;in most years from 2001 to 2011 , overall technical level of China′s exports overrided Germany , however , technology height was far behind Germany;tech-nical structure of China′s exports changed greatly , but it remained stable in Germany; except 2004-2006 , degree of China′s export structure optimization exceeded Germany , in other years quality of Germany′s export structure was higher;optimization of China′s high-tech products in exports was apparent , but was lower than that in Germany .

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中国出口产品普遍被认为"价廉质次",然而这并不能充分解释中国出口贸易长期增长的实质。对中国2001年加入WTO以来出口产品竞争力的实证研究表明:一方面,中国出口产品的相对单位价格呈现持续下降的趋势,这说明低价竞争是中国出口产品的一个主要特征;另一方面,中国出口产品质量在逐年上升,其中高技术出口产品的质量竞争力较为明显,这说明中国出口产品并未陷入低质量产品的陷阱。在新时期进一步深化对外贸易转型中,把握中国出口产品竞争力特征对我国对外贸易政策制定有重要意义。
China''s export products are usually thought to be cheap and of low -quality,however this does not explain thoroughly the rapid development of China''s export trade in so long a period. This paper ex-plores China''s export products'' competitiveness from 2001 when China joined WTO. The empirical results indi-cate that on one hand,China''s export products'' overall relative unit price has been declining continuously, which shows that the low-price competition is a typical characteristic of China''s export products. On the other hand ,the overall quality of China''s export products has been rising yearly,especially for the high-tech export products,which demonstrates China''s export products have not fallen into the low-quality trap. In the new era of further deepening China''s foreign trade transformation,understanding the competitiveness characteristics of China''s export products has implication for the foreign trade policy.

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根据Lall（2000）提出的贸易产品技术分类体系进行商品分类，进而分别测算中国1995—2012年10类商品的国际市场占有率（ MS）、显示比较优势指数（ RCA）、贸易竞争力指数（ TC）和产业内贸易指数（ IIT），分析表明：中国出口商品的技术结构和贸易竞争力都得到了很大提升，在保持传统低技术制成品强大竞争力的同时，部分中高技术制成品的出口取得突破性进展，以市场换技术的发展战略基本成功；但商品贸易竞争力仍主要来自劳动力成本优势，且出口商品的产业集中度过高，仍处于全球价值链的低端。应促进各类高技术产业的发展，抢占其价值链的高端，并在某些中高技术产业重点突破，提高整体贸易竞争力。
The commodity classification is conducted according to trade products technological classification system proposed by Lall (2000), furthermore, the international market sharing (MS), revealed comparative advantage ( RCA) index, trade competence ( TC) index and intra?industry trade ( IIT) index of 10 types of the commodities of China during 1995—2012 are calculated. The analysis shows that the technical structure and trade competitiveness of China exported products is significantly promoted, that the export of medium and hi?tech products makes breakthrough while products of low technology still remain competitive, and “market for technologies” strategy is basically successful. However, the competitiveness of commodity trade mainly lies in low labor cost, furthermore, the industrial agglomeration degree of the exported products is too high and these products still stay at the low end of the global value chain. Thus, China should boost the development of all kinds of hi?tech

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运用全球贸易分析模型(GTAP模型)比较分析欧美自贸区建立后中美、中欧贸易结构的变化情况,结果表明:美欧出口到中国的商品将更加偏向高技术、高附加值,这将限制中国的自主创新能力,长期下去会造成一定程度的技术依赖;另外,美欧自中国的进口将仍然以劳动密集型产品为主,这类产品的特点是消耗高、附加值低,甚至有污染。同时,中国部分传统出口优势产业将受到很大的冲击,不利于国内就业。因此,中国必须走技术创新之路,提高国内产品的技术含量,走环境保护之路,促进国内经济的可持续发展,主动推动与美欧的经济合作。
This paper analyzes the trade structure changes of Sino-US and Sino-EU after the establishment of EU-US Free Trade Area using GTAP model.The results conclude that US and EU exports to China will be more products with high technology and high value -added,which will limit China′s ability of independent innovation and cause dependence on technology.In addition,US and EU imports from China will be still mainly labor-inten-sive products which are characterized by high consumption,low added value,even polluted.At the same time,it will have a big impact on some of China′s traditional advantage export industry,which is not conducive to the na-tional employment.Therefore,China must take the path of technological innovation and improve the technical con-tent of domestic products.It must go the way of environmental protection and promote the sustainable development of domestic economy.It can take the initiative to promote economic cooperation with the US and EU.

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基于Hausmann出口复杂度模型,分析了我国机电产业出口技术结构的分布及水平,并进行了国际比较。从机电贸易品的技术结构来看,我国机电产品出口仍以中低技术产品为主,高技术产品出口比重较低,且在一定程度上被部分中等技术产品挤占了发展空间。就总体技术结构水平而言,我国机电产业出口技术水平不但低于主要发达国家,甚至在金砖国家中也处于落后地位;从机电产业各细分行业来看,除了金属制品业和电气机械制造业的国际排名相对靠前外,其他五个细分行业均处于世界中下游水平。最后提出了相应的政策建议。
This article based on Hausmann model of export sophistication,estimates the distri-bution and standard of technical structure of electromechanical industry’s exports in our coun-try,then gives international comparisons.From the view of the technical structure distribution of electromechanical in exports,most of China’s export of electromechanical products is in me-dium and low-tech products,high-tech products export proportion is still low,and to some ex-tent extruded by some labor-intensive medium-tech products.The level of technical structure shows that our electromechanical industry’s export sophistication is lower than the maj or de-veloped countries,even lagging in the BRIC States.For the sub-sectors,in addition to fabrica-ted metal products and electrical machinery manufacturing relatively are in the highly interna-tional ranking,the other five sub-sectors industries are still in the lower level in the world.Fi-nally puts forward the corresponding policy recommendations.

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