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双语推荐:大鲵

为探索中国大鲵的繁殖特点,人工催产20尾雄性亲鲵,催产率达90%,但产活力精子雄鲵的比例只有20%,表明大鲵雄性不育的比例高达80%;对产出精子研究显示,大鲵活力精子在不同硬度水体中的存活时间不同。适应硬度范围内,大鲵活力精子存活时间随水体硬度升高而缩短,当水体硬度为0.41mmol/L时,大鲵精子最长存活161s;硬度为3.14mmol/L时,大鲵精子最长存活65s,开展大鲵人工繁殖时,应关注雄性不育及水体硬度对受精率的影响。
Twenty Chinese giant salamander A ndrias davidianus males were artificially induced to spawn , with spawning success of 90% .However ,only 20% of the male spawners were found to release the vital sperm ,indicates that 80% of the male spawners were of sterile males . The vitality test showed that survival period of the sperm motility was different in the water with different hardness . The survival period of the sperm motility was found to be decreased with increase in water hardness within water hardness of 0 .17 ~ 2 .136 mmol/L .The salamander sperm showed the longest life span (161 s) at water hardness of 0 .41 mmol/L .On the contrary ,the minimal survival period (65 .4 s )was observed in the sperm at water hardness in the 3 .14 mmol/L .So we should pay attention to the problem of male sterile and effects of water hardness on fertility when we carry out artificial reproduction of Chinese giant salamander .

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2013年7月,陕西省汉中某大鲵养殖场发生以大鲵体表和四肢多处溃烂并伴有出血为特征的疾病,染病大鲵大量死亡。经临床观察、病理解剖及实验室检测,最后确诊病原为大鲵虹彩病毒。通过采取综合防治措施,养殖场大鲵疫情得到有效控制。
2013 July ,Hanzhoung of Shaanxi province in a giant salamander breeding field occur in giant salamander body and limbs multiple ulcers and bleeding associated with disease characterized by a large number of deaths ,diseases of giant salamander .Through clinical observation ,pathological anat‐omy and laboratory test ,the final diagnosis of pathogenic for giant salamander iridovirus .By adopting comprehensive treatment measures ,the epidemic has been effectively controlled farms salamander .

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20世纪80—90年代,大鲵资源锐减,栖息地越来越小,呈现零星破碎化和点状分布的特点。为中国大鲵资源的保护和开发利用提供参考依据,分析了野生大鲵的地理分布、种群数量、资源衰退的原因和大鲵人工驯养现状,并根据大鲵资源近年来的发展特点,提出了针对性的生态保护对策。
The amount of Chinese giant salamander A.davidianus had been sharply declined from 1980s to 1990s,and its habitat is getting smaller,appearing a characteristic of scattered and dotted distribution.In order to provide basis for its protection and utilization,the geographic distribution, population,reasons of decline,and status of artificial breeding were analyzed.The targeted ecological protection countermeasures were proposed in the article according to its development characters in recent years.

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中国大鲵是国家二级保护动物,具有很高的药用价值和特殊的进化地位,人工繁育和养殖大鲵具有科学研究和经济学双重意义。但多种高传染、高致死性疾病成为大鲵养殖业发展的瓶颈,这些疾病的病原体包括细菌、真菌、寄生虫和病毒等。本文就目前大鲵多种病害的发病原因、临床特征及相应的治疗方法进行简单综述,为中国大鲵疾病的深入研究提供必备的科学依据。
Chinese giant salamander is one of the State Second-class Protection species ,with high me‐dicinal value and evolutionary significance .Artificial breeding giant salamander has double meaning in both science research and economics .However ,a variety of highly infectious ,lethal diseases have be‐come the bottleneck in breeding industry development of giant salamander .Pathogens of these diseases are included bacteria ,fungi ,parasites and viruses .T his article briefly review s the current various dis‐eases etiology ,clinical features and appropriate treatments ,in order to provide the necessary scientific basis for in-depth study of Chinese giant salamander disease .

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为了明确张家界市大鲵产业发展战略,应用SWOT分析法,对张家界市大鲵产业内部条件的和外部环境进行了系统分析,构建了产业发展战略模型。对4种战略进行甄别与选择,认为:张家界市大鲵产业的内部优势大于劣势;外部机遇大于威胁;同时,必须重视产业劣势与威胁的存在,张家界市大鲵产业发展战略应以增长型战略(SO)为主,以防御型战略(WT)为辅。探讨大鲵产业战略的实现途径,认为加强大鲵资源保护、推进标准化规模生产、延伸产业链、推进产业关联、实施品牌战略与健全服务体系为其可行的实施途径。为张家界市大鲵产业战略决策与产业规划提供借鉴。
In order to ascertain the development strategy for Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) industry in Zhangjiajie City, the internal conditions and external circumstances of Chinese giant salamander industry in Zhangjiajie City were analyzed systematically by SWOT analysis, and the basic model on the development strategy was set up. After four strategies were discriminated and discussed detailed, it was selected as the development strategy that SO strategy was main and WT strategy was supplemented, because its strength(S) was more than weakness in internal conditions, its opportunity(O) was more than its threat(T) in external circumstances and weakness and threat must been valued. The implementation ways of development strategy were explored, they were thought the feasible implement approaches that resource protection of Chinese giant salamander was strengthened, standardized mass production was advanced, industrial chain was stretched, related industries were advanced, brand st

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通过观察在全人工繁育条件下大鲵的胚胎发育及器官的形成过程,对比仿天然生态养殖的大鲵胚胎发育过程,对大鲵从受精卵到孵化为幼苗出膜进行了连续系统的形态学观察。结果发现:人工繁育的大鲵在胚胎发育至神经胚期和器官形成期,有明显的“神经沟出现”、“视泡形成”和“心脏跳动”的特征,因而在传统分期的基础上增加了“神经沟期”、“视泡形成期”和“心脏跳动期”,从而将大鲵的胚胎发育过程细化为23个时期;虽然同种大鲵的人工繁育和仿生态养殖方式绝大部分发育时期的外形特征基本相同,但在卵裂期和神经胚期依旧存在差异;并利用人工繁育技术,提高其孵化率,为进一步研究大鲵的人工繁育提供理论基础和实验材料。
This study through the observation under the condition of total artificial breeding of giant salamander embryo development and the formation process of organs, the contrast of copy is natural the salamander embryo developmental process of ecological breeding, the salamander from fertilized egg to hatch for seedlings out membrane on the morphology observation of continuous system. Results: artificial breeding of the strain to its embryonic stage in embryonic development and organ formation, there are obvious "nerve ditch", "optic vesicle formation"and"heart beat"characteristics, and on the basis of the traditional stage increased"neural groove period","optic vesicle formation"and"heart beat"period, and the appearance of embryonic development process is divided into 23 times;Although the same strain of artificial breeding and imitated ecological breeding way most basic same, appearance features of development but in cleavage stage and neural embryo stage still exist differences; And by u

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将不同地理种群的大鲵Andrias davidianus亲本进行人工杂交,获得子一代幼鲵,研究各杂交组幼鲵(实验组)和本地繁殖幼鲵(对照组)的体长、体质量和存活率。12个月的饲养结果表明:各组平均存活率为83.33%~98.33%;平均体长为20.33cm~25.15cm,增加15.83cm~20.65cm,增长率351.78%~458.89%;平均体质量为163.34g~240.15g,增加162.59g~239.4g,增长率21678.67%~31920%。各组的存活率、体长、体质量差异显著(P<0.05);实验组存活率与对照组差异显著,实验组间差异不显著;实验组体长、体质量与对照组差异显著,表明不同地理种群间大鲵杂交子一代幼鲵生长优于本地大鲵繁殖的子一代。因此,繁育幼鲵时应尽量避免本地种群间的繁殖组合。
Chinese giant salamander broodstocks of different geographical populations were crossed using artificial breeding method to reproduce the first generation(F1). The newly crossbred F1(experiments groups), and the local population juveniles(control group) were reared under the same conditions for one year. It was found that the salamander had average survival rate of 83.33%~98.33%in each group, average body length of 20.33cm~25.15cm, increased by 15.83 cm~20.65 cm, growth rate of 351.78%~458.89%;and aver-age body weight of 163.34g~240.15g, increased by 162.59g~239.4g, with growth rate of 21678.67%~31920%. Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences in body length, body weight, and survival rate among the groups(P<0.05). Duncan test for multiple comparisons revealed that there was significant difference in survival rate between the experimental groups and the control group, without significant difference within the experimental groups;significant differen

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探讨了大鲵(Andrias davidianus)胚胎发育过程中受精率的评判标准和计算受精率的最佳时间。对大鲵胚胎发育观察表明:发育到二细胞的胚胎均能发育到神经胚期,因此可以将二细胞胚胎期作为受精的标志;孵化温度在17-20℃时,温度对大鲵的孵化率没有影响;胚胎发育经过24 h后,有90%-95%的受精卵可发育到二细胞期。因此可以以受精后24 h的二细胞分裂数作为计算大鲵胚胎受精率的基础数据。研究结果有利于对大鲵人工繁育效果提前判断和对孵化条件及时调控处理。
The relational fertilization tests of Chinese Andrias davidianus were carried out in order to analyze and evaluate the artificial insemination in early stage .During continuous observation of embryo development at early stages , the results proved that embryo at the two cell stage had the ability to develop dynamically to gastrula stage and neurula stage .Compar-ative analysis the time that fertility rate reached 90%and 95%revealed that 24 h after fertilized can be used as the optimal time.Combined the results , the embryo development at two cell stage and 24 h post-fertilization can serve as the judgment standard of fertility rate .The results served the important guidance for captive breeding in Chinese giant salamander .

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为提高大鲵养殖脱鳃期的成活率,采用室内饲养池微流水人工养殖方法,研究了不同水温水质及饲养密度对大鲵脱鳃期成活率的影响。结果表明:在12~22℃水温范围内,大鲵脱鳃期的养殖成活率随水温的升高呈先上升后下降的趋势,18℃水温条件下大鲵脱鳃期养殖成活率最高,达92.5%,分别较12℃、14℃、16℃、20℃和22℃的水温条件下提高15%、10%、5.0%、2.5%和10%;饲养密度为20尾/m2时大鲵脱鳃期养殖成活率最高,达90%,分别较30尾/m2、40尾/m2和50尾/m2提高1.7%、7.5%和12%。山泉水和地表水养殖条件下大鲵脱鳃期养殖成活率差异不大,分别为88%和84%。
In order to increase survival rate of giant salamander during the period of caducibranchiate, j uvenile giant salamander was cultured in the box, with trickle water. Effect of different water temperature,culturing density,water quality on survival rate was studied.The results showed that at 1 2~22℃ water temperature range,survival rate of giant salamander during the period of caducibranchiate with the water temperature increased first and then decreased,it is the highest,92.5%,at 18 ℃,increased by 15%,10%,5.0%,2.5% and 10%,respectively,compared to 12℃,14℃,16℃,20℃ and 22℃.It is the highest,90% at culturing density of 20 fish/m2 ,increased by 1.7%,7.5% and 12%,respectively, compared with 30 fish/m2 ,40 fish/m2 and 50 fish/m2 .It is insignificantly cultured with mountain spring water and surface water,88% and 84%,respectively.

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大鲵虹彩病毒(giant salamander iridovirus,GSIV)是近年中国大陆新发现的引起人工养殖大鲵(Andrias davidianus)大规模死亡的病毒病原。为了揭示大鲵虹彩病毒流行株的基因型差异,本研究对2010–2012年采集自全国不同大鲵养殖区域的患虹彩病毒病的大鲵样本进行了分子检测、病毒分离培养以及病毒主衣壳蛋白(major capsid protein,MCP)基因测序与比对分析。结果显示,采自陕西、湖北、湖南、浙江、江西、福建等省的10个样本检测为阳性,通过细胞培养获得10株病毒流行株。对该10株流行株MCP基因的测序与比对分析发现,核苷酸序列相似性达到99.7%~100%,其推测的氨基酸序列无明显差异,证实中国大鲵虹彩病毒流行株属同一基因型。系统进化树分析结果表明,所选大鲵虹彩病毒与蛙病毒分别聚为一枝,但其亲缘关系较近。本研究结果旨为大鲵虹彩病毒病的疫苗研制及其免疫防控技术研究奠定基础。
Giant salamander iridovirus (GSIV) is a viral pathogen, recently discovered in China, that causes mass mortal-ity of farmed giant salamander (Andrias davidianus). Our objective was to evaluate the epidemiology of the disease and document genotype differences among strains isolated during epidemics at the major giant salamander breeding areas in China between 2010 and 2012. We performed molecular detection, virus isolation and propagation, and viral titer determi-nation. Additionally, the major capsid protein (MCP) genes of the virus strains were sequenced and analyzed. The 10 sam-ples that were collected from Shaanxi, Hubei, Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Fujian provinces tested positive. We subse-quently obtained 10 GSIV epidemic strains by cell culture. Sequencing and comparative analysis of the MCP genes of the 10 epidemic strains revealed the nucleotide sequences had 99.7%–100%similarity and there was little difference among the deduced amino acid sequences. This suggests

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