简单介绍了聚焦离子束(FIB)的历史和工作原理,以及将离子束和电子束合为体的双束系统。具体讨论了双束系统上的主要功能,如离子束镜筒、气体注入系统(GIS)、超高分辨率的扫描电镜镜筒及将离子束和电子束合为体的独特优势。例举了双束系统的系列应用,如制作纳米图形用的多种加工方法,气体注入系统在制作纳米图形中的应用,透射电镜及原子探针的样品制备,三维形貌表征,三维能谱成分表征,三维EBSD晶体位相表征和电路修补。详细介绍了这些相关应用的发展现状及特点,比较了各种应用的优缺点。文章还介绍了在中国科研领域双束系统的应用状况及中国科研工作者利用双束系统获得的重要成果。

The history of Focused Ion Beam ( FIB) and its working principle are briefly reviewed .DualBeam System, namely combined FIB and SEM into one system , is introduced.Main features on such DualBeamsystem and the trend of its development are discussed in more details, including FIB column, gas injection system (GIS), ultra-high resolution SEM column and the advantages of combining FIB column with SEM column into one system .Main applications of such a DualBeam systemare discussed by examples , such as the various pattern generation techniques used in nano-prototyping, the use of GIS in nano-prototyping, sample preparation for transmission electron microscope as well as for atom probe , 3 dimensional (3D) characterization for morphology, 3D chemistry by EDS and 3D crystallography by EBSD, and circuit editing.The related application status and progress are introduced in details .The application status of Dualbeam in Chi-nese scientific research and the important progress by Chinese researche

采用循环变压法制备具有特殊三维孔道结构的阳极氧化铝（AAO）模板，通过改变电解液、反应温度、电压循环方法和扩孔条件，制备出具有两种不同孔道结构的 AAO 模板，并通过扫描电镜对其进行了表征。这种特殊三维结构 AAO 模板可用于制备新型“左手”媒质。

In this paper, two kinds of anodized aluminum (AAO) templates with special three -dimensional channel structures were prepared by changing the electrolyte, reaction temperature, enlarging pore conditions, and varying electrode voltage cyclically. The morphology and microstructure of the AAO templates were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The obtained AAO templates can be potentially used for fabricating new “left-handed” medium.

研究面板数据的聚类方法.基于二维灰色凸关联度,用二阶差商近似代替二阶导数,利用黑塞矩阵的半正定性在三维空间中定义凸度;用数据的凸性表征样本之间的相似程度,提出了三维灰色凸关联度的概念,讨论了三维灰色凸关联度的性质.实例分析表明,三维灰色凸关联度能够较好地反映面板数据的关联程度.

The clustering method of panel data is studied. The 2nd order difference is used to substitute for the approximate 2nd derivative based on the grey convex relation for two dimension. The half positive characteristic of Hessian matrix is used to define the convexity degree. The similarity degree of objects is characterized by the convexity, the grey convex relation degree for three dimension is presented, and the properties of the grey convex relation degree for three dimension are discussed. An example is given to illustrate that the grey convex relation degree for three dimension can better reflect the correlation degree for three dimension panel data.

针对目前用于提取三维粗糙表面基准面的第一和第二代小波存在的平移变动性与方向性差等缺点,以及最优小波基的选取和小波分解次数的确定等难点,提出将第三代小波变换——双树复小波变换(DT-CWT)用于三维粗糙表面的评定。通过比较三代小波实际重构图像以及仿真三维粗糙表面的误差和最大重构误差,得出了DT-CWT最优的结论;采用频带能量法确定DT-CWT的分解次数,并用仿真三维表面表征参数均方差S来验证得出的分解次数的正确性。最后用DT-CWT对具有分形特征的三维非平稳随机粗糙表面进行基准面的提取,结果验证了所提出方法的有效性。

At present,wavelet transform applied to the establishment of three-dimensional rough surface datum was mainly the first and the second-generation wavelet.However,they had some de-fects such as the shift variation and poor directional selectivity and so on,especially the selection of optimum wavelet base and the determination of the times of wavelet decomposition,which was always the difficult points of surface evaluation.Now the third generation wavelet DT-CWT was used for val-uation of three-dimensional rough surfaces,by comparing the datum errors and maximum reconstruc-tion error of the actual reconstruction images of the three wavelets as well as simulation of three-di-mensional rough surface,the optimality of DT-CWT was obtained.Band energy method was em-ployed to ascertain the times of wavelet decomposition and then mean square error S which was the characterization parameter of three dimensional simulation surfaces was used to check the correctness of decomposition times.Finally,

将基于复合单元法的数值试验和现场单孔压水试验相结合,对裂隙岩体的三维渗透张量及表征单元体积(REV)进行研究。首先根据研究域岩体的裂隙统计参数及分布规律,运用蒙特卡罗方法在统计域内生成三维随机裂隙网络,然后利用复合单元法计算不同尺寸岩体试件在不同方向上的等效渗透系数,以此计算岩体的三维渗透张量及REV尺度,最后利用现场单孔压水试验结果来修正裂隙岩体的3个渗透主值。在小湾水电站工程中,运用该方法对坝区岩体的三维渗透特性进行分析,得到修正后的岩体三维渗透张量,分析结果表明,结合单孔压水试验和基于复合单元法的数值试验来确定裂隙岩体的三维渗透张量和REV是合理且有效的。

Both numerical methods and single-hole packer tests are used in study of the representative elementary volume(REV) and three-dimensional(3D) permeability tensor for fractured rock masses. Based on the probability distribution functions and corresponding statistical parameters investigated in field,3D stochastic discrete fracture networks are randomly generated using the Monte Carlo method. The composite element method(CEM) is used to obtain the permeability tensor and REV of rock masses,with a large quantity of calculations concerning different sample sizes in various directions. The permeability tensor is then modified and improved by using single-hole packer test results. Finally, the proposed method is used in determining the permeability properties of dam foundation of Xiaowan hydropower station. The results show that the proposed method is feasible and reliable.