为减轻水利工程对河流生态系统造成的不利影响,针对重要珍稀水生动物中华鲟资源的有效保护及可持续发展问题,本文在葛洲坝下游中华鲟产卵场水动力数学模型及产卵适合度评价模型的基础上,利用BP人工神经网络的学习能力构建水库调度与产卵场产卵适合度关系模型,并将关系模型嵌入葛洲坝现行的水库调度模型,获得中华鲟产卵期(10—11月)优化中华鲟产卵生境的水库生态调度模型.生态调度模型以中华鲟产卵场产卵适合度及水电厂发电量最大为双目标函数,以同期水库需满足的航运效益、水资源利用效益及水轮机运行效益为主要约束条件,通过比较相同入库流量下生态调度和现行调度的水库综合效益,得出在中华鲟产卵期,优化中华鲟产卵生境的生态调度在仅损失0.15%发电量的同时,使坝下中华鲟产卵场产卵适合度增加39%,使中华鲟获得更适宜的水动力环境,增加产卵概率,有效保护中华鲟资源.

In order to mitigate the adverse effects of hydraulic engineering on river ecosystems,and for the effective protection and sustainable development of Chinese sturgeon, a relational model between the reser?voir operation and the suitability of Chinese sturgeon spawning ground has been built up by BP artificial neural network,on the baois of the hydrodynamic model and spawning fitness evaluation model. By the rela?tional model embedded in the existing Gezhouba reservoir operation model,this paper gets the eco-schedul?ing model for the optimization of Chinese sturgeon spawning habitats. The target functions of the ecological scheduling model compose of the largest spawning fitness of Chinese sturgeon spawning ground and the larg?est electricity generation of the hydroelectric power plant,and the main constraints compose of the naviga?tion benefits, water resource use efficiency and turbine operational efficiency that should be balanced dur?ing the reservoir operation. By comparing the com

为研究交配对扶桑绵粉蚧雌虫发育及产卵的影响，比较了不同交配条件下扶桑绵粉蚧雌虫的寿命、产卵习性和产卵量。结果表明，交配对扶桑绵粉蚧雌虫的卵巢发育和产卵有促进作用。与延迟交配的扶桑绵粉蚧相比，正常交配的扶桑绵粉蚧雌虫卵巢内总产卵量、孕卵期、产卵期和首次产卵量均显著提高；而未经交配的雌虫体内的卵细胞不能受精。延迟交配的雌虫可以通过对营养的重新分配延长自身寿命，一旦发生交配，体内生理发生重导向可再次产卵，产卵量显著低于正常交配雌虫。

To study the effects of mating status on development and oviposition in female mealybugs, Phenacoccus so-lenopsis.We compared the longevity, ovarian development and number of eggs laid in Phenacoccus solenopsis under different mating status.The results showed that in Phenacoccus solenopsis, mating stimulated ovarian development and oviposition.Mated Phenacoccus solenopsis females had higher total number of eggs laid, duration of gestation, duration of reproduction and number of eggs laid in the first clutch compared to delay-mated females.When grown into oviposi-tion period, unmated females could not develop into the embryonic phase and laid few eggs.Delay-mated females could make a trade-off between maintenance and reproduction by a nutritional rearrangement, which indicated that females would resorb the resources from eggs for a longer survival when they couldn''t get mated.Once mated, females would lay eggs, and their physiological state got reset, but the number of eggs l

水文水力条件的变化会给水生生物繁殖栖息带来一系列的影响,评估这些影响能为保护和重建物种栖息地提供科学依据。本文以葛洲坝下游河势调整前地形(2003年)和河势调整后地形(2008年)作为边界条件建立二维非恒定流水动力学模型,模拟中华鲟产卵场整个产卵期的水流变化特征。通过对比河势调整前后中华鲟产卵场地形、流场和涡量的变化,流量变化过程中各水流参数与相关系数的变化,以及河势调整工程给产卵场水力条件带来的变化,对照河势调整前后中华鲟产卵位置和资源量的变化进一步分析了其对中华鲟产卵的影响。结果显示,河势调整使中华鲟上产卵区河床高程抬升,流场紊动程度加大,水流结构随着流量变化的相关性减小;使下产卵区流场紊动程度减小。

The change of hydrological conditions can bring a series of influence to aquatic breeding habi-tat, and evaluation of the influence may provide a basis for protection and reconstruction species habitats. A two-dimensional unsteady hydrodynamics model based on the bathymetry before and after the river re-gime adjustment project was set up to simulate flow characteristics in the whole spawning period. Changes of the bathymetry,flow field,vorticity and the correlation coefficient between discharge and the correspond-ing flow parameters were compared, as well as the changes of the spawning location and spawning quanti-ty, to analyze the influence of the hydraulic changes on the Chinese sturgeon spawning. The results show that the river regime adjustment project raises the elevation of up-spawning site, increases the flow turbu-lence, decreases the correlation of discharge and flow parameters, and reduces the flow turbulence of down-spawning site.

"四大家鱼"的产卵、繁殖与水文、水力学条件密切相关。以长江黄石段"四大家鱼"产卵场为例,采用河道平面二维数学模型预测分析不同特征流量下戴家洲河段航道整治工程实施后对本江段流态、水位、流速等水文变化的影响,进而研究航道整治工程对"四大家鱼"产卵场的影响。研究表明,航道整治工程实施后,最枯流量下,3道潜丁坝均在水面2.5 m以下,不会对鱼类产生阻隔;潜丁坝区域从洪峰开始上涨到最高时,流速最大变化为-0.038~-0.05 m/s,占产卵流速4.2%~15.2%;水位变化3~5 mm。工程运行后基本不改变"四大家鱼"适宜产卵流速,基本不会影响"四大家鱼"现有产卵场所需的产卵水文条件。

The spawning and propagation of the four major Chinese carps are closely related with the hydrological and hydraulic conditions of the river.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of Daijiazhou River waterway project on the spawning grounds of four carps.The investigation was made on the spawning grounds at Huangshi section of the Yangtze River.The flow regime,the water level,the flow velocity and other hydrological conditions of this section were simulated and predicted by using the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model.The re-sults showed that three spur dikes would not block the fish after the waterway regulation,as they were 2.5 m below the surface under the low flows;the submerged spur dikes would not affect the required flow velocity of the four carps during the spawning time,as the largest change of the current was -0.038- -0.05 m/s during the peak flows which only accounted for 4.2%-15.2%of the spawning velocity,the water level change was just 3-5 mm. In conclusio

为了研究家蚕新品种贵蚕4号（781·薪杭×7532·科明）的原蚕性状，掌握2个对交原蚕间的交配与产卵特性，提高蚕种质量，为大批量蚕种生产提供参考。对华系原蚕781·薪杭和日系原蚕7532·科明进行不同交配时间长短、雌蛾成熟度、雄蛾不同交配次数和不同光照环境对产卵成绩影响的调查研究。结果表明，交配时间3～4 h 产下的卵质最优，羽化后4～5 h 交配的雌蛾产卵量最多，良卵率最高；对雄蛾进行合理保护，可二交或三交再利用，对卵质卵量没有明显影响；人工黑暗环境能使雌蛾提前产卵，加快产卵速度，增加产卵量。

To investigate the traits of parent silkworm Guican 4(781·Xinhang×7532·Keming), master the matching and oviposition features of two crossed parent silkworms,so as to enhance the silkworm quality and provide a reference for mass production of silkworm.The laying achievements of Chinese parent silkworm(781 × Xinhang)and Japanese parent silkworm (7532 × Keming)were studied under the following several situations:different duration of mating,maturity of female moths,male moths’mating frequency and various lighting conditions.The results showed that egg quality was the best when the mating lasts for 3~4 h and the fecundity and the good egg percentage of female moths was the highest when they mate 4~5 h after eclosion.Also,there was no effects on the egg quality and quantity when the male moths were properly protected,mate twice or three times.However,different lighting conditions had great effects on oviposition habits of them.Artificial dark could make female moths lay their