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双语推荐：大地坐标系

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2000中国大地坐标系（ CGCS2000）是我国新启用的地心坐标系，但我国目前用以测图及工程规划、设计以及其他用途的地图坐标系一般又都是基于北京54坐标系或1980西安坐标系。如何将这些坐标系转换到2000国家坐标系是当前必须解决的问题。本文就西安80坐标系到2000国家坐标系之间的转换的基础理论和方法进行了研究，给出了基于ArcGIS环境下将1980西安坐标系转换到2000中国大地坐标系的有效解决办法。
China Geodetic Coordinate System 2000 ( CGCS 2000 ) is the newly used coordinate system , while the commonly used coor-dinate system for surveying and mapping and project palnning is Beijing Geodetic Coordinate System 1954 or Xi''an Geodetic Coordinate System 1980 .Therefore the transformation of these systems has to be solved .The paper studies the basic theory and method of trans-formation from Xi''an 80 to CGCS 2000 and offers the solutions to the transformation in ArcGIS environment .

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从应用角度阐述大地坐标系的构成,对椭球体、投影及其与大地坐标系之间关系进行了剖析.我国常用的高斯克吕格投影及三度带、六度带方面的知识作了介绍,对大地坐标的影响,特别是关键因子的影响进行了分析.结合实际应用中遇到的坐标问题进行了解释,使抽象难懂的投影简单化,易于理解.在大地坐标知识基础上介绍了坐标转换的方法,并总结了一些实际应用中遇到的大地坐标转换问题及解决方法.
@@@@In this paper, composition of the geodetic coordinate system is explained; ellipsoid, projection and relations between the geodetic coordinate system and them are analyzed, from the point of application. The common Gauss-Kruger projection used in practice and knowledge of 3 and 6 degree bands are introduced. The influence of the geodetic coordinate, esp. the influence of the key factors is analyzed. The questions concerning the coordinate appeared in practical application are interpreted so that the abstract and difficult projection theory be simplified and under comprehension. On basis of the geodetic coordinate knowledge, the author then introduces the methods of coordinate transformation and finally makes a summary of the problems of geodetic coordinate transformation appeared possibly in practice and the methods of solution of them.

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利用高精度的GPS水准数据、重力数据、数字地形模型和EGM 2008地球重力场模型,采用移去-恢复技术进行芜湖市1 400 km2似大地水准面精化。分别采用芜湖市坐标转换重合点,利用二维高斯平面坐标转换模型,建立了芜湖市2000国家大地坐标系与1980西安坐标系、1954年北京坐标系及芜湖独立坐标系的坐标转换模型,并且新建了芜湖2000独立坐标系。综合利用多种现代拟合方法完成了分辨率为2.5''×2.5'',高精度、高分辨率的芜湖市似大地水准面模型的计算,模型拟合精度达到±1.1 cm,外部检核精度达到±1.3 cm。
This paper discuss about using high-precision GPS leveling data ,gravity data ,digital terrain models ,EGM 2008 Earth gravity field model and removed-recovery techniques in 1400 square kilometers quasi-geoid refinement of Wuhu City .We use coordinates coincident points of Wuhu city and two-dimensional Gaussian plane coordinate transfor-mation model to establish coordinate transformation model of geodetic coordinate system of Wuhu City 2000 ,Xi''an Coor-dinate System 1980 ,Beijing coordinate system 1954 and Wuhu independent coordinate system respectively .We compre-hensive utilize a variety of modern fitting method to complete the high-precision ,high-resolution quasi-geoid refinement of Wuhu city calculation with the complete resolution of 2.5′×2.5′,model fitting accuracy of ±1.1 cm external checking accuracy ±1.3cm.

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为了使新疆某铜矿1980西安坐标系转换到2000国家大地坐标系(CGCS2000),利用IGS站数据进行GPS联测,通过GAMIT/GLOBK等专业软件进行基线和坐标解算,实现1980西安坐标系向WGS-84坐标系再到CGCS2000坐标系的转换。
In order to make the realization of coordinate conversion of Xinjiang copper mine ,this paper uses the global IGS station data to calculate the value of baselines and coor-dinates with the professional software such as GAMIT/GLOBK .Through like that ,we real-ize the transformation from the 80 coordinates to WGS-84 coordinates then to CGCS2000 co-ordinates .

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基于二维七参数平面坐标转换方法，采用间接平差方法来计算不同大地基准下的坐标转换参数。同时利用浙江省GPS基础控制网数据，计算出浙江省范围内从1980年西安坐标系向2000国家大地坐标系的坐标转换参数，以浙江省1∶10000基础地理信息数据库的转换实验为例，得出该转换方法可以在无大地高、无空间直角坐标转换计算的情况下，实现省级区域内基础地理信息数据在不同基准下的大地坐标直接转换。实验结果表明，该方法简单有效，其坐标转换精度符合要求。
This article introduces the coordinate system conversion methods based on the 2-D seven parameters mod-el.The transformation parameters under different geodetic datum were calculated by the method of indirect adjustment. We used Zhejiang GPS geodetic network data and calculated the transformation parameters between Xian1980 and CGCS2000.Take example for transforming the 10000 fundamental geographic database of Zhejiang province,the 2-D seven parameters model could perform coordinates transformation of different geodetic datum across provincial bounda-ries.The results showed that the method is effective and the transformation accuracy of coordinate are also well.

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基于芜湖独立坐标系与2000国家大地坐标系之间的公共点坐标值,利用EPS地理信息工作站包含的坐标转换软件所选取的平面四参数转换模型计算出芜湖独立坐标系转为CGCS2000的转换参数,然后编写EPS转换脚本实现基础测绘数据从芜湖独立坐标系到2000国家大地坐标系之间的转换工作。EPS脚本语言遵循VBScript和JScript语言标准,支持用户在EPS平台上进行二次开发,利用EPS坐标转换脚本完成基础测绘数据转换可以使转换数据无丢失,转换精度高。
In this paper we use coordinate transformation software in EPS GIS workstation to select plane four param -eters transformation model to compute the transformation parameters between Wuhu independence coordinate reference system and CGCS 2000 based on the public points''coordinate values both in Wuhu independence coordinate reference system and the 2000 China Geodetic coordinate system ( CGCS 2000 ) .Then adopting EPS script to transform the basic surveying data with Wuhu independence coordinate reference system to CGCS 2000.EPS script follows the language standard of VBScript and JScript ,and supports second development on EPS platform .Using EPS coordinate transforma-tion script makes the data not to be lose and with high accuracy .

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由于测量技术的限制以往描述空间点的位置通常用平面坐标和高程坐标来表示,随着空间大地测量技术的不断发展,为了避免二维坐标描述的弊端,实现更科学的描述动态的地球,世界各个国家都在完善各自的大地坐标系和它相应的坐标,我国在2008年7月1日启动了国家2000坐标系。地心坐标系统及其框架正在逐渐取代以往的传统的非地心大地坐标系统及其框架。
Due to the limitations of measurement technology, in the past, the location of spatial point is usually represented by the plane coordinate and elevation coordinate. With the continuous development of space geodetic measurement techniques, in order to avoid the drawbacks of the two-dimensional coordinates and achieve a more scientific description of the dynamic Earth, all the countries are improving their geodetic coordinate system and its corresponding coordinates. In July 1, 2008, China started the 2000 national coordinate system. The conventional non-traditional geocentric geodetic coordinate system and its framework are gradually replaced by the geocentric coordinate system and its framework.

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在野外地质测量工作中，使用手持GPS（它属于WGS-84大地坐标系）导航时，当需要尽可能高精度的测量时，需要根据已知道的当地参数，和最近的已知点坐标（1954年北京坐标系或1980西安坐标系），通过计算，求取坐标转换的3个参数。
In the geological survey work of ifeld, using the handheld GPS (that belongs to WGS-84 Geodetic coordinate system), when need for high-precision measurement as far as possible, we should need known local parameters, and known coordinate of recent points (Beijing coordinate system 1954 or Xi’an coordinate system 1980). By the calculation, we get the three parameters of coordinate transformation.

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2000国家大地坐标系（ CGCS 2000）的启用，对原有的测绘成果将产生直接影响。为确保常用测量坐标系与CGCS 2000的衔接和转换，需要有效地整合原有的测绘基础数据，探究地方测量坐标系与CGCS 2000之间的转换方法，确定地方坐标系与CGCS 2000之间的联系。本文分析了石家庄市原有的基础测绘数据分析，提出了平面控制网整合方案和坐标整体转换方法。
China Geodetic Coordinate System 2000 ( CGCS 2000 ) will have a direct impact on the results of surveying and mapping .In order to ensure connection and conversion of the measurement coordinate system and the CGCS 2000 , it is necessary to integrate effec-tively the original basic surveying data , explore the method of conversion between local coordinate system with the CGCS 2000 and de-termine the connection from local coordinate system and the CGCS 2000 .The paper analyses the basic surveying and mapping of the o-riginal data of Shijiazhuang , puts forward the plan of plane control network integration and the method of overall transformation of the coordinate .

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阐述平面直角坐标系与大地坐标系的区别及其在设计、施工中测设时的注意问题及解决方法.
@@@@Describedthe difference betweenand iflatrectabgularcoorinate system and geodeticcoordinate system and setmeasuredin the design and constructionattentionwhenyouapproach.

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