延平1井为华东分公司在延川南部署的一口U型井，由一口筛管水平井对接一口直井组成。根据该井井况及特点，采用水力喷射分段压裂技术，为防止压裂管柱在水平段发生砂卡，优选压裂施工工艺，采取了“拖动管柱+投球打滑套”施工工艺。通过现场的试验，顺利完成四段水力喷射分段压裂改造，共计加砂87.8 m3。延平1井压前无产量，经一段时间的排采，日产气量600 m3。水力喷射分段压裂技术在延平1井的成功应用，对煤层气水平井开发具有一定的指导意义。

Well Yanping-1, one of the U shape wells disposed by East China Company in South Yanchuan area, is composed of a screen horizontal well and a vertical well. Water jet staged fracturing technology is applied according to the well conditions and characteristics. In order to prevent fracturing string from sand sticking in the horizontal sections, fracturing technology of“drag pipe+sliding sleeve ball injection”is optimized. By field tests, four water jet staged fracturing transformation were successfully com-pleted of total 87.8 m3 sand. After a period of drainage, productivity of well Yanping-1 raised from 0 to 600 m3 per day. The suc-cessful application of water jet staged fracturing technology in well Yanping-1 provides certain significant for the development of the CBM horizontal wells.

通过分析水力喷射压裂施工过程中38套喷枪喷嘴损坏的原因,得出了喷嘴的损坏主要是由于第1次喷砂射孔过程中选择了高排量和高压力导致喷嘴憋掉、扩径和射流液的回压冲击等造成喷枪在第2次喷射时达不到设计要求的喷射压力。利用能量守恒定律和地面模拟矿场水力喷射实验数据,计算了地面加压后喷枪射开套管与储层之间的阻挡层所需的喷射速度、喷嘴处的速度损失、克服静液柱压力产生的速度损失、回流液的阻挡造成的速度损失,得出了射开阻挡层所需的地面临界喷射排量和对应的喷射深度。采用略高于临界喷射排量的施工排量对3口井21段水平井第一段进行喷砂射孔和喷射压裂施工、后续几段保护性使用喷嘴的方法进行喷射施工试验。通过成功实施的19段,验证了该方法的可靠性,提高了喷嘴的使用频次。在2012年长庆区域底水油藏等小砂量水平井的水力喷射压裂施工应用中,单井减少了1~2趟更换喷射压裂管柱作业,提高了生产时效和降低了水平井施工成本。

Through analyzing 38 sets of nozzle failure during hydraulic jet fracturing, it is found that the main reason of nozzle failure is nozzle drop and inner diameter enlarging caused by high lfowrate and high pressure in the ifrst jetting, as well as back pressure impact caused by the jetting lfuid. The nozzle needs to be changed for the second jetting. By using law of energy conservation and data of surface jetting simulation, it is calculated that the needed jetting speed for the blockage between casing and formation, speed loss at the nozzle, speed loss to resist hydrostatic column pressure, and speed loss caused by lfow back lfuid, and the surface critical discharge rate and corresponding depth are obtained. When performing the jetting and fracturing tests on 3 horizontal wells with 21 sections, the discharge rate for the ifrst section is higher than the critical discharge rate, and the following sections are using nozzle protective method. The success on 19 sections proved the method

安塞油田三叠系存在“低渗、低压、低产”等地质特征，传统压裂工艺一般压裂1~2层，平均单井日产液量3.5 m3左右，单井改造效果较差，且选用直嘴+封隔器的简单压裂管柱施工，施工周期一般在10天左右，施工周期较长。安塞油田引进了水平井水力喷射分段压裂技术，对水平井水力喷射分段压裂机理、水力喷射及分层压裂中诸多参数进行了优化，并在现场进行了试验。2011—2012年此项技术在安塞油田成功应用22井次。该技术施工针对性强，工艺简单方便，适用各种完井方式及固井质量差的井况，为安塞油田及其它区块储层低渗油气藏水平井水力喷射及压裂改造工艺的实施奠定了基础。

Triassic of Ansai oilfield has the geologic features such as low permeability, low pressure and low production. The aver?age single well liquid production of the traditional fracturing with 1 layer~2 layers in general is about 3.5 m3, whose transformation effect is poor. Meanwhile, the constructions with the simple fracturing string need a long construction period which is generally around 10 days. Ansai oilfield introduced the hydraulic jet staged fracturing technology of horizontal wells, optimized the parame?ters of the mechanism, hydraulic jet and staged fracturing, and carried out the field test. This technology was successfully applied in 22 wells in Ansai oilfield in the year 2011 to 2012. The construction is high targeted and the process is simple and convenient that help this technology apply to various kinds of completion methods and the well conditions with poor cementing quality, and laid the foundation for the implementation of hydraulic jet and fracturing construction tec

水力喷射压裂是一种集射孔、压裂及水力封隔一体化的增产改造新方法,井下工具(喷枪)作为保证该技术成功实施的关键因素之一,其工作寿命直接关系到该技术的施工效果。把现场应用后部分存在磨损的喷枪剖开后,分析了喷枪内部喷嘴周围及外表面磨损较严重的区域,再利用数值方法模拟计算了喷射压裂时工具内部流场,研究了井下工具内部流道附近易磨损区域形成原因。结果表明:返溅回来的磨料射流会对喷枪外表面形成返溅冲蚀,下层喷嘴外表面受到返溅冲蚀伤害比上层喷嘴严重;在胶结较差的地层,高速磨料射流可能进入地层并通过已有的射孔孔眼冲蚀喷枪或油管外表面;同一喷枪的内部,上层喷嘴上缘和下层喷嘴下缘属于易磨损区域,喷枪内部流场的数值模拟结果很好地解释了出现该现象的原因。因此,研究该技术中使用的井下工具磨损规律对于改进工具结构、提高喷枪寿命和水力喷射压裂成功率具有实际参考价值。

Dow nhole tools are one of the critical factors to guarantee the successful application of hydra-jet fracturing technology which is a new stimulation method with perforating ,fracturing and hydraulic sealing . Some donwhole tools are cut open and the severe wear areas around the nozzle inlets inside them and on their surfaces are analyzed .In order to investigate the reason for the inside wear ,the flow field inside the tools are numerically simulated .The results show that the splashback abrasive jet will erode the surface around the nozzles of the tool .For surface wear at different positions along the tool axis ,it will be more serious at the downstream than that at the upstream .At the same time ,if the formation is loose ,the abrasive jet with a high velocity will splash into formation and return from other existed perforations , resulting in extra wear at the surface relatively far from the nozzles or even the tubing ’s surface .For the inside of the tools ,the wear at the upper

水力压裂增产技术在非常规油气藏的开发中承担着重要的角色,但在储层和环境保护方面都存在一些问题,而超临界CO2连续油管喷射压裂技术有望解决这些问题,成为未来非常规油气资源高效开发的新型压裂方法。通过分析超临界CO2的特性以及超临界CO2射孔能力和射流增压效果可知:超临界CO2射流比水射流的射孔能力强,射流增压效果好,可在较低的压力下实现喷射射孔和压裂;超临界CO2流体的渗透能力强,易渗入储层中的孔隙和微裂缝,在储层中产生大量微裂缝网络,提高油气采收率;将超临界CO2作为压裂流体,不仅可以避免黏土膨胀等储层伤害的发生,而且还能提高增产效果,尤其适合非常规油气藏的增产改造。在此基础上提出了超临界CO2连续油管喷射压裂的流程,为该技术的研究和应用提供了指导。

Hydraulic fracturing technique plays an important role in the development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs, but it is facing some problems from the aspect of reservoir and environment protection. Coiled-tubing jet fracturing with supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) is expected to be a solution to these problems and becomes a new and efifcient technique for developing the unconventional oil and gas resources. By analyzing the properties of SC-CO2 and its rock breaking capability and pressure boosting effect, some conclu-sions can be drawn as follows: The rock breaking capability and pressure boosting effect of SC-CO2 jet is stronger than water jet, so the jet perforation and fracturing process can be accomplished with a lower pressure. The inifltration capacity of SC-CO2 is so strong that it can inifltrate into the formation easily and cause a network of interconnecting fracture, enhancing the recovery of oil and gas. When SC-CO2 is utilized as the fracturing lfuid, formation damage, suc