为了解腐殖酸和水旱轮作共同作用对镉污染土壤中种植的水稻稻糙米品质的影响,采用随机组合设计进行了土壤盆栽试验,在水旱轮作的两种土壤(稻田土和菜田土)中添加0、0.1、1.0和10.0 g/m2的腐殖酸,测定糙米中重金属镉元素以及微量营养元素铁、锌、镁和钙的含量。结果表明,在稻田土和菜田土中分别添加10.0和1.0 g/m2腐殖酸时,糙米中镉含量分别比空白对照降低了40%和14.8%;添加腐殖酸处理的水稻,其糙米中必需元素Fe、Zn、Mg和Ca的含量均比未添加腐植酸处理的高,且差异显著;尤其是当腐殖酸添加量为1.0 g/m2时,糙米中Mg含量增加了50.42~72.60 mg/kg;另外,水旱轮作降低了糙米中的镉元素含量,也提高了微量营养元素的含量。这说明腐殖酸和水旱轮作共同作用有利于提高水稻糙米的品质。

In order to understand the interaction effects ofhum ic acid and paddy-upland rotation on rice quality in cadm ium contam inated soil,a potexperim entw as setup in the m ethod ofrandom block design,hum ic acid w as 0,0.1,1 and 10 g/m 2 m eterin tw o kinds ofsoilw ith paddy-upland rotation,the contentofcadm ium in brown rice w ould be determ ined afterharvest,the contents ofm icroelem ents ofiron,zinc, magnesium and calcium in brown rice w ould be determ ined in the m eantim e.The results show ed thatw ith increasing hum ic acids in the tw o kinds ofsoils ,the contentofcadm ium in brown rice and the soilcadm ium absorption coefficientw ere decreased,40% offin rice fields and 14.8% off in vegetable fields. w hile the content of essential elem ents of iron, zinc, magnesium and calcium in rice w ere increased significantly, especially w hen the hum ic acids reaching 1 g/m 2, the content of M g had increased 50.42~72.60 mg/kg. In addition, paddy-upland rotation not only reduced th

春季在塑料大棚内种植早毛豆,夏季种植水生蔬菜,实现保护地的水旱轮作。该方法较好地解决了蔬菜大棚生产中的连作障碍,土壤得到了有效修复,地力得到了充分利用,单位面积的产量和效益明显提高。大棚内种植豆类的纯综合效益为82996.4元·hm-2,大棚内种植春大豆—水芹水旱轮作的纯综合效益为145680.6元·hm-2,后者比前者的纯综合效益增加62684.2元·hm-2,既增加了效益,又提高了土地利用率。

In order to achieve the crop rotation of the protection land,solve the continuous crop-ping obstacles of vegetable production in the greenhouse,repair soil effectively and utilize fertil-ity fully,we have planted vegetable soybean in spring and aquatic vegetables in summer in plas-tic greenhouse.This method has significantly improved per unit area production and the effi-ciency.The net benefit of planting beans is 82 996.4 yuan·hm-2 ,while that of vegetable soy-bean-cress rotation pattern is 145 680.6 yuan·hm-2 in the greenhouse.The net benefit of the latter is 62 684.2 yuan·hm-2 higher than that of the former.It not only increases the efficiency, but also improves the utilization of land.

目的探索2种冬种作物水旱轮作对来年早稻田福寿螺的控制效果及对水稻产量的影响。方法对冬种马铃薯和冬种黑麦草这2种控螺方式下前后茬稻田中福寿螺种群和后茬水稻产量进行调查，并与冬闲干田和冬闲淹水处理的前后茬稻田进行对比。结果和结论冬种马铃薯能够有效减少来年早稻田福寿螺的发生量，且能提高来年早稻产量，但早稻生长后期福寿螺种群恢复速度加快。冬种黑麦草处理的控螺效果不理想，但有利于来年早稻增产。冬种水旱轮作模式下对福寿螺卵块的控制效果不明显，但在来年早稻种植的初期，绝大部分卵块产在田埂杂草上且数量较少，此时人工摘卵较为方便省时。

Objective]To investigate the influence of paddy-upland rotation on controlling Pomacea canal-iculata and rice yield.[Method] Four farming measures including winter potato rotation system , winter ryegrass rotation system , and two winter fallow rice fields treatments with water cover or without any water cover ( two controls ) were employed .The field population structure of snails in the previous and subse-quent rice field , and early rice yield in the subsequent season were investigated .[Result and conclusion]The results showed that winter potato rotation treatment was helpful for snails control and rice yield in-crease in the subsequent farming season , but the snail population recovery accelerated in the early rice growing period because of this rotation treatment .Winter ryegrass rotation treatment was unsatisfactory for snails control while it was beneficial for the early rice output of the next season .Winter-planting rotation was negative for controlling snail eggs ,

云南马铃薯种植有明显的多样性,种植季节和模式几乎涵盖了中国从海南省到黑龙江省的所有类型,2 400 m以上的高海拔地区马铃薯以春播一季净作为主,是低海拔地区的种薯供给地,效益明显好于青稞、荞麦等作物;1 400~2 400 m的中海拔地区,有春作、秋作和早春作,不同季节又有净作和间套作;净作中产值比烤烟略低,但明显高于水稻、玉米等作物;马铃薯与其它作物间作套种是该区域主要的栽培模式,可以大大提高土地、温光水肥的利用效率,增强抗灾能力。1 400 m以下地区,马铃薯以一季冬作为主,主要是水稻-冬马铃薯的水旱轮作模式和甘蔗/马铃薯套作模式,夏季种植水稻解决粮食,冬季种植马铃薯增加收入,使冬马铃薯成为该类地区农民重要的经济来源。东南亚国家有大量的冬闲田,水稻-冬马铃薯的水旱轮作模式在东盟这些国家具有重要的推广价值。

Potato planting in Yunnan Province had distinct diversity. The potato planting seasons and patterns in Yunnan Province included almost al the Chinese patterns from Hainan Province up to Heilongjiang Province. In the high altitude areas of more than 2400 m asl, spring cropping with monoculture system came to be the main cropping pattern and provided seed potatoes to low altitude areas. The economic benefit of potato was much better than highland barley and buckwheat. In the middle altitude areas from 1400 to 2400 m asl, various planting seasons existed, including spring, autumn, and early spring planting, and various planting patterns were included, monoculture, intercropping and interplanting. Although the production value of potato was a bit lower than tobacco, it was obviously higher than many contemporaneous crops, such as rice and maize. Intercropping and interplanting could greatly improve utilization efficiency of soil, temperature, light, water and fertilizer, and also increase

【目的】研究水旱轮作系统中土壤自然供钾力、钾肥利用率和土壤钾素表观平衡,为农田钾素的可持续性管理提供理论依据。【方法】设置不施肥(CK)、施氮磷肥(NP)和施氮磷钾肥(NPK)3个处理,利用20年稻麦水旱轮作定位试验数据,研究大麦和水稻地上部生物量、产量及籽粒和秸秆中含钾量对不同施肥处理的响应。【结果】在一年两熟和三熟制稻麦轮作系统中,20年不施肥(CK)的作物平均每年可生产籽粒8.24和9.22 t·hm-2,其相当于相应轮作体系平衡施肥(NPK)的75.6%和71.9%,因此施肥对作物产量提高的贡献率分别为24.4%和28.1%,施钾肥对作物籽粒产量提高的贡献分别为11.8%和14.0%。钾肥对旱季作物的增产贡献率高于水季,其中钾肥对大麦产量提高的贡献率平均为17.9%,比水稻的高36.1%。在一年两熟和三熟轮作制中,不施肥的作物平均每年从土壤中吸收的钾量相当于相应平衡施肥的59.1%和58.3%。作物地上部吸钾量的绝大部分来源于秸秆。其中大麦地上部吸钾量的81.7%来源于秸秆,水稻为74.2%—87.6%。旱季土壤钾素自然供应能力低于水季。大麦生长期平均每年土壤钾素自然供应能力为69.8%,比早稻、连作晚稻和单季晚稻分别低15.5%、19.7%和19.4%。随着试验时间的延长,大麦生长期土壤钾素自然供应能力以每年1.6%的速率降低,但水稻生长期土壤供钾能力在时间上没有显著变化,20年定位试验后仍维持在80%以上。尽管施钾肥降低了作物钾素内部利用率,但是年度间各施肥处理作物钾素内部利用率没有显著变化。在平衡施肥条件下,每吸收1 kg钾素,大麦、早稻、连作晚稻和单季晚稻可生产籽粒平均为42.4、44.7、41.3和44.8 kg。每施入1 kg钾肥可生产籽粒分别为83.5、79.7、71.6和69.7 kg。旱季钾肥效率高于水季。在一年两熟轮作制中钾肥表观利用率平均为29.5%,而在一年三熟轮作制中,表观利用率可达41.5%。由于作物对钾素不断的吸收,造成在一年两熟和三熟水旱轮作系统中不施肥(CK)的土壤每年钾素亏缺148.2和182.7 kg·hm-2,而且施氮磷肥加速了土壤钾素的耗竭,每年多携带走钾素57.8和65.0 kg·hm-2。尽管施钾肥缓解了土壤钾素不足,但在一年两熟和三熟轮作制中施钾土壤平均每年仍亏钾分别为146.5和85.5kg·hm-2。【结论

[Objective]The potassium (K) natural productivity from soil, K fertilizer use efficiency and apparent soil K balance were investigated to provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable management of K element in farmland. [Method]The three fertilizer treatments used were control, NP and NPK, representing various combinations of N, P and K fertilizer applications.Long-term (over 20 years) experiments with barley-rice crop rotation were conducted to investigate the response of crop aboveground biomass, yield, the K content in grain and straw to different application treatments. [Result]The results indicated that the grain yields on average were 8.24 and 9.22 t?hm-2 per year in barley-single crop rice and barley-early rice-late rice rotation cropping system without application fertilization for 20 years, which accounted for 75.6%and 71.9%of that in NPK treatments in the corresponding rotation system. The contribution of application fertilizers increased crop grain yields by 24.4%to 28.1%