在不同的国家,不同的文化底蕴下,禁忌语的由来也大有不同。虽然禁忌语也属于语言的一部分,但由于它在英语里的特殊性,因此也是人们有所避忌的语言。我们平常会发现,有的人外语掌握得非常好,能够与人沟通畅通无阻,但这不一定能达到很好的交际目的。其中一个最主要的原因就是对该国的文化习俗了解得不够深入透彻,特别是一旦无意地使用了禁忌语,就会触犯到该社会的禁忌,从而难以与该社会的人们进行正常的交流,造成不同程度的交际障碍甚至是交际的失败。因此,本文主要从英美禁忌语的主要类型、禁忌语的特点,指出禁忌语潜在的文化根源。

In the different countries, different cultures, the origin of taboo is different. Although the taboos are a part of language, because of its particularity in English, so the people will also have taboo language. We usually find, some learning foreign language is very good, can communicate with people smoothly, but it can not achieve good communicative purpose. One of the main reasons is have not thorough enough the country''s knowledge of cultural traditions, especially if inadvertently used the taboo, will violate the social taboos, cause the communication obstacle of different level and even the failure of communication. Therefore, this article mainly from the main types of taboo, the characteristics of taboo, points out the potential source of taboo culture.

小说《A&P》中故事的叙述者萨米在讲述故事时使用了辱骂性禁忌语和与女性身体某些部位有关的禁忌语,对这些禁忌语的多重语用功能和语用效果进行分析有助于揭示小说独特的语言特点及创作主旨。

Sammy,the narrator of A&P ,uses abusive taboos words and taboo words related to the female’s body parts.An analysis of multiple pragmatic functions and effects of these taboo words is helpful to reveal the novel’s unique language features and writing purpose.

禁忌语在不同文化中表现的方式是不同的，正是它的不同性让交际中的人常常忽略它，造成交际困扰。因此，为了改善交际环境，对禁忌语的探索很有必要。探索禁忌语需要从语用学角度，实际来研究，另外更需要对夸文化交际活动中禁忌语的动态问题进行深入探索。探索目的在于减少乃至尽可能地消除跨文化交际活动中因缺乏对禁忌语的相关知识的了解而造成的交际障碍，进而使得交际双方减少误解，增进了解，最终确保跨文化交际活动的顺利进行。

taboo appears in different situation in different cultures, and people often make misunder stemdings while communicating because of taboo''s variety. Therefore, it is very necessary to study taboo.Based on contextual theories and form the angel of pragmatics,we shoule explore the dynamic variation of taboo, combining theories and reality,in intercultural communication in order to facilitate the communicative activities done by different participants from different cultural backgrounds. It is highly expected that the explorative study can serve the purpose of promoting the reciprocal understanding among the communicative participants and eradicating the barriers to the effective and lfuent achievement of intercultural communication as much as possible so that the success in the corresponding intercommunication can be guaranteed.

委婉语和禁忌语是人类社会普遍存在的文化现象、社会现象和语言交际手段,很多学者从语用学、语言交际等角度对委婉语和禁忌语进行了探讨。借用认知语言学的原型范畴理论,以及该理论的来源——维特根斯坦提出的"家族相似性"语言哲学观,分析委婉语和禁忌语的范畴化,揭示语言使用的实践意义和规律性。

Language communication is an important method to maintain social relationship, euphemism and taboo play an important part in social communication. They are not only a linguistic phenomenon, but also a kind of social phenomenon. As the theoretical basis of cognitive linguistics, prototype theory works well in analyzing language. Prototype theory originates from Wittgenstein＇s family resemblance. Euphemism and taboo are focused from the angle of prototype theory for a better understanding of practical significance and regularity of language.

借鉴Kvecses归纳的转喻认知模式,探讨日语中委婉语的生成机制,结果表明转喻是日语委婉语生成的重要途径。在委婉语替代禁忌语的过程中,始源域(委婉语)和目标域(禁忌语)之间的相关性是关键因素,人们将这种相关性运用于语言表达,用间接、含蓄的表达替代了直接、粗俗的说法。

Based on the m etonym ic cognitive patterns proposed by K?vecses, this article analyzes the generating m echanism of Japanese euphem ism . T he results showthat m etonym y is an im portant way to generate Japanese euphem ism . In the process of using euphem ism to replace taboo language, the correlation between the source dom ain (euphem ism ) and target dom ain (taboo language) is the key factor.Many people use this kind of correlation in their language expression so as to use indirect,im plicit expression to replace direct, vulgar one.