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双语推荐：加拿大海盆

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近年来，北极海冰发生了大面积减少，减少的原因仍存在着争议。基于2003—2011年的水文和遥感卫星数据，对北冰洋加拿大海盆的太平洋水和海冰进行研究。通过对比2006年和2007年太平洋水位温与海冰密集度的空间分布，发现太平洋水暖异常于2007年1—3月进入加拿大海盆的中部，并可能导致了2007年夏季海冰大面积的融化。2003—2011年，在加拿大海盆的中部，太平洋水位温与海冰密集度存在着时间上的负相关。选取2007年8月，发现两者在空间上也存在着负相关。这很可能说明太平洋水暖异常在流动的过程中，向上输送了热量，在一定程度上，融化了海冰，从而触发海冰一反照率正反馈，导致海冰的减少。因此，通过白令海峡进入北冰洋的太平洋夏季水，对北极海冰面积的减少有着重要影响。
In recent years,the area of sea ice have been substantially reduced in the Arctic Ocean.The reason behind this is still in debate.Based on the data of hydrology and remote sensing satellite from 2003 to 2011,the relation-ship of Pacific Water and sea ice in the Canada Basin were studied.Spatial distributions of potential temperature of Pacific Water and sea ice concentration in 2006 were compared with those in 2007.It was found that the warm Pa-cific Water anomalies entered the central Canada Basin in January to March 2007,which probably led to the melting of sea ice in the summer of 2007.Between 2003 and 2011,it was found that the potential temperature of Pacific Water and sea ice concentration were negatively correlated in the central Canada Basin.In August 2007,the spatial correlation was also found to be negative in the central Canada Basin.It might indicate that the inflow of warm Pa-cific Water anomalies transferred the heat upwardly.To a certain extent,the heat melted

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利用高分辨率水深、重力、地磁和多道反射地震数据,综合分析了楚科奇边缘地及其周边区域的地形地貌和地球物理场特征,划分了区域构造单元。研究表明,楚科奇边缘地不仅是楚科奇大陆架外缘独特的地形单元,也是一个相对独立的构造单元,与周边的加拿大洋盆、阿尔法-门捷列夫大火山岩省、北楚科奇陆架盆地和阿拉斯加被动陆缘等构造单元在地球物理场和区域构造上具有截然不同的特征。楚科奇边缘地是一个地壳减薄的微陆块,新生代早、中期发生了大规模的E-W向构造拉伸作用,基底断块的差异性升降塑造了当前的地形地貌和沉积层的发育。边缘地可能形成于北楚科奇盆地侏罗纪-早白垩纪的张裂作用,而内部盆-脊相间排列的构造格局则可能与加拿大海盆相边缘地俯冲作用停止后的均衡调整有关。
On the basis of high-resolution bathymetry,gravity,magnetic and multi-channel reflection seismic data,the geomorphology and geophysical characteristic of the Chukchi Borderland and its adjacent area was synthetically ana-lyzed and the tectonic division was made.The results shows that the Chukchi Borderland is a relatively isolated tec-tonic unit and has different geophysical and structural features from the peripheral units,they are Canada Oceanic Basin,Alpha-Mendeleev Large Igneous Province,North Chukchi Continental Shelf Basin and Alaska Passive Conti-nental Margin.Chukchi Borderland is a micro-continental plate with thinned crust,where a large scale E-W orien-ted tectonic stretching had happened during the early and middle stage of the Cenozoic.Basement uplifting and subsiding is the controlling factor of the modern geomorphic features and sediments accumulation.The Chukchi micro-continental plate was supposed to result from the rifting process of the North Chukchi Basin i

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对北冰洋西部79个表层沉积物样品进行了全岩X射线衍射矿物组成分析,结合洋流和地质背景,探讨各矿物分区的物质来源。矿物组合分区表明研究区物质来源变化较为复杂:(1)在楚科奇海的中部靠近白令海峡处长石含量很高,主要是阿纳德尔流携带的来自阿纳德尔河的沉积物;在楚科奇海的西侧的长石含量也较高,且与其他矿物组合分区相比,角闪石含量较高,这是因为受阿纳德尔流和东西伯利亚沿岸流的双重影响,沉积物来自西伯利亚陆地的一些高含长石的火山岩及沉积岩等。在楚科奇海的东侧,石英含量很高,来源为阿拉斯加沿岸流携带的育空河及卡斯奎姆河的沉积物。在阿拉斯加北部,碳酸盐岩和石英含量高,这与马更些河搬运的沉积物有关;(2)北冰洋西部深水区中加拿大海盆的南端和中部方解石和白云石的含量较低,说明受波弗特环流携带的加拿大北极群岛的碳酸盐影响相对较小,且与其他矿物组合分区相比,云母含量最高,说明沉积物主要来源为来自拉普捷夫海的海冰沉积物;此外,一些黏土级细粒物质可能由大西洋中层水携带而来。深水区的其他海域以方解石和白云石含量高为特点,主要受波弗特环流的影响,来源主要为加拿大北极群岛的班克斯岛和维多利亚岛;此外,还受来自西伯利亚陆架,主要是拉普捷夫海沉积物的影响。
Mineralogical analysis was performed on bulk sediments from 79 surface samples using the X-ray diffraction(XRD)method.The results,in combination with data on ocean currents and the geological background,have been used to investigate the sources of the mineral assemblages.Mineral assemblages and distribution indicate that material sources in the study area are complicated:(1 )Feldspar is abundant in the sediments of the Chukchi Sea near the Bering Strait,and the source is material from the Anadyr River carried by the Anadyr Current.The sedi-ments on the western side of the Chukchi Sea are also rich in feldspar,and compared with other areas,which are also rich in hornblende,which is the result of the Anadyr Current and the Siberian Coastal Current carrying material from Siberia,where some volcanic and sedimentary rocks are present.The sediments in the eastern Chukchi Sea are rich in quartz,the sources of which are sediments from the Yukon River and the Kuskokwim River carried by the Alas

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北冰洋面积约1 300×104km2,周边国家对200 M(海里)大陆架及专属经济区的划界现状及对200 M外大陆架的诉求,对于我们参与北极科考具有十分重要的参考意义。大陆架与专属经济区的划界,美国与苏联已签署协定,美国国会已批准,但前苏联和俄罗斯未批准,这直接导致两国的海域争议不断。俄罗斯与挪威也已签署协议。美国与加拿大之间未签署协议,争议区超过7 000 M2。丹麦与加拿大已签署协议,完成划界,但存在汉斯岛的主权争议。挪威与丹麦及挪威与冰岛已完成划界。根据《联合国海洋法公约》第76条规定,北冰洋周边国家拥有确定北冰洋200 M外大陆架的权利。俄罗斯和挪威已提交200 M外大陆架划界方案,挪威对南森海盆西部的划界方案已得到大陆架界限委员会原则同意,但俄罗斯方案仍有很大的争议。作为《斯瓦尔巴条约》的签署国,斯瓦尔巴协定区,我们有权进入;因美国没有签署《联合国海洋法公约》,阿拉斯加北部大陆架及200 M外的楚科奇海台,都是我们进行科考的选择。此外,也可以通过国际合作,参与不同海域的科考和研究。
The Arctic Ocean covers an area of about 1 300 ×104 km2 .It is important that researchers involved in scientif-ic expeditions to the Arctic are aware of the delimitation of the continental shelf and the 200 nautical mile ( M) ex-clusive economic zone (EEZ).The United States and the former Soviet Union have signed a treaty on the delimita-tion of the continental shelf and the EEZ .The treaty has been ratified by the American Congress , but not by theformer Soviet Union , which has led to an ongoing dispute over maritime ownership rights between the two countries . Norway and Russia have also signed a delimitation treaty .Maritime boundaries between Canada and the United States remain unresolved , with an area of more than 7 000 m2 under dispute .Denmark and Canada have resolved disagreements about their borders , apart from the ownership of Hans Island .Agreements concerning the delimita-tions of the continental shelf between Norway and Denmark , and Norway and Iceland have b

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加拿大海盆上层，分布着高温高盐的大西洋水和相对低温低盐的盐跃层下部水，两水团之间形成一系列的双扩散阶梯。通过分析2005年8月－2011年8月期间的锚定潜标数据，对双扩散阶梯和这两种水团之间的相互作用进行研究。基于固定盐度范围的方法，在盐度廓线中识别阶梯结构，在盐度34．45～34．83范围内，获取18个阶梯结构，并研究阶梯的参数。发现双扩散阶梯的位温主要受与其接近的水团的影响，同时也受其相邻的阶梯生成或消亡的影响，大西洋水对其上方的双扩散阶梯和盐跃层下部水起到加热作用；而盐跃层下部水的深度变化主导着大西洋水和双扩散阶梯的深度变化。两个相邻的阶梯具有一致的位温和深度变化趋势。通过经验公式，估计大西洋水通过双扩散阶梯向上传输的热通量为0．05～0．6 W／m2，且由下至上呈现逐渐增大的趋势。最后，估算由双扩散造成的垂向涡扩散系数为3×10－6～3．3×10－5 m2／s，且由下至上呈现逐渐减小的趋势。
In the upper Canada Basin,double-diffusive staircases are located between the Atlantic Water (AW)and the Lower Halocline Water (LHW).The McLane Moored Profiler (MMP)data measured from August 2005 to August 2011 at subsurface mooring stations are analyzed to explore the relationship between double-diffusive stair-cases and these two water masses.In the fixed salinity interval between 34.45 and 34.83,eighteen staircases are i-dentified.It is found that the potential temperature of staircases is affected by their adjacent water masses and also the formation and decay of their adjacent staircases.There is heart transfer from the AW to the overlying staircases and the LHW,and the depth variations of the staircases and the AW are determined by the depth of the LHW.The adjacent staircases show almost the same variation trend between its potential temperature and depth.Based on the empirical formula,the heat flux across the staircase is estimated to be 0.05 to 0.6 W/m2 .The vertical

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