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双语推荐:梵语

佛经译音字主要包括译经者所选用的与梵音语音相近的汉字和根据梵音构造的译音专用字。但在使用中同一个梵文会对译不同的译音字,由于翻译时的省音也使得同一个梵语词汇的译音字用字量多有差异,同时,汉字异写也造成了虚假译音字用字差异现象。印度佛教所使用的是混合梵语、传入汉地的佛经文本语言类型不尽一致、梵汉语言类型的差异和佛经译音规则不明确等是造成佛经译音字用字出现以上差异的主要原因。
The transliterated Chinese characters in the Buddhist Scriptures can be divided into two types:Chinese characters with similar Sanskrit pronunciation and created characters based on San-skrit phonetic structures.But one Sanskrit word can be transliterated into different Chinese char-acters,and transliterated characters vary due to translation elision.Different Chinese characters with the same pronunciation also result in varied transliterated words.Mixed Sanskrit vocabulary used by Indian Buddhists,different types of Buddhist Scriptures introduced to China,different types of Sanskrit and inconsistent Buddhist scriptures transliteration rules are the main causes of the different transliterated Characters in the Buddhist Scriptures.

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"喜洲",旧时又名"大利""大釐(大厘)""史贝佥""喜郡""史城""喜贝佥""喜州"等名,参考大理佛教历史文化背景,参照佛典梵汉对音规律,结合古汉语音韵研究进行分析比较,"喜洲"的所有这些名称应当都是梵语s?ri的同音异译,最初的含义是"禧福吉祥"。
In ancient literatures,Xizhou was called"Dali","Shijian","Xijun","Shicheng","Xijian"and"Xizhou". In view of the Buddhist background in Dali area,according to the Buddhist Sanskrit Chinese transliteration rules,combined with the study of ancient Chinese phonological analysis,it is believed thatthe different names of Xizhou should be the transliteration of Sanskrit word"sri"meaning"happiness and prosperity".

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印度古典梵语故事集《鹦鹉故事七十则》中的"兔杀狮"故事是典型的"以弱胜强"故事类型,它在世界范围广泛流布。笔者择取印度、阿拉伯及中国少数民族中的相似故事文本,以比较故事学的方法对此类故事进行对比,从故事的流传地、物种和内容为切入点,通过探讨它们之间的异同及故事蕴含的深层心理结构,揭示了这些故事所折射的人类认知结构从简单到复杂的演进过程。
There is a widespread story from ! ukasaptati ,the classic Indian folktale collection ,about the rabbit’s triumph over the lion .The story contains a recurring folktale motif ,namely the Weak Defeats the Strong .This article focuses on seven similar folktales that share this motif .By comparing the settings , animal species ,and plots of the stories ,the article demonstrates how the development of human self-awarenessis reflected in the texts .

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作为遗民子弟,刘献廷极力表彰忠烈豪侠,鄙视降清的变节者。刘献廷治学涉猎广泛,对农政、水利、历法、算学、地理、音韵等方面皆有研究;眼界开阔,强调做学问要经世致用,利济天下后世。他鄙视腐儒章句.批评士人大多知古而不知今。其声韵学,总结了满语、蒙语以及梵语、拉丁语等多种语言的发音规律。其治学志趣高远,超越时人,惜著述大多不传,学术后继无人,这不仅反映了经世致用学风在清初政治社会生态中的境遇,而且他“会通中西”的治学视野也反映了当时西学东渐对传统学术的影响.
As one of descendants of the Ming loyalists,Liu Xianting strongly commended the valiant and dis-dained the apostate. He had a wide range of scholarly interest and broad academic vision,which covered agriculture, water conservancy,calendar,mathematics,geography,phonology,etc. Especially his phonology study summarized the pronunciation rules of Manchu,Mongolian,Sanskrit,Latin and other languages. He despised the old pedant, stressing that the scholarship should pay attention to reality. He had academic ambition and scholarly thinking ahead of time. Unfortunately he had no successor,and his writings rarely spread as well,which not only reflected humanis-tic pragmatism in political and socio-ecological environment of the early Qing Dynasty ,but also the impact of West-ern learning on Chinese traditional academics.

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