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双语推荐：芽孢

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萎缩芽孢杆菌旧称“枯草芽孢杆菌黑色变种”，是芽孢杆菌属的一个重要种。该研究以其生理生化特征试验为基础，探索萎缩芽孢杆菌的便捷检测方法。通过生化试验完成的萎缩芽孢杆菌ATCC 9372生化谱，可用于萎缩芽孢杆菌的检测。
Bacillus atrophaeus ATCC 9372,also known as "Bacillus subtilis var.niger",is an important Bacil-lus species.In order to explore physiological and biochemical identification of Bacillus atrophaeus ,9 kinds of similar Bacillus species were selected,physiological and biochemical characteristics test were carried out. The production of melanin by Bacillus atrophaeus ATCC 9372 could be found.API 50 System fails to iden-tify Bacillus atrophaeus ATCC 9372 exactly. Bacillus atrophaeus is successfully identified by its physiologi-cal and biochemical characteristics.

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从河南省不同地区的农田土壤中分离纯化需氧芽孢杆菌，通过16SrRNA基因的系统发育分析，在分子水平上深入研究了河南省芽孢杆菌的物种类型及其遗传多样性。共获得331株产芽孢菌株，分属于19个物种，其中1株为芽孢杆菌属内的潜在新物种。巨大芽孢杆菌、简单芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和蕈状芽孢杆菌为全省范围内的优势菌种，分别占总菌株数量的379／6、22％、15％和12％。河南省内不同地区的优势类群略有差异，并且还存在各自独特的芽孢杆菌物种。从分子水平证明河南省蕴藏着丰富的芽孢杆菌资源。
Bacillus is a kind of valuable biological resource .In this study ,the species and genetic diversity of bacillus was investigated in agricultural soils in Henan province based on the phyloge-netic analysis of 16S rRNA gene .Total 331 strains were isolated and belonged to 19 species of Ba-cillaceae ,in which one was a candidate novel Bacillus species .The species Bacillus megaterium , Bacillus simplex ,Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus mycoides were predominant in Henan province and represented 37% ,22% ,15% and 12% of total strains ,respectively .For different regions in the province ,they had some difference in the predominant species ,and harbored some particular species for themselves .In summary ,the present study proves that Henan province has rich baci-llus resources .

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芽孢是炭疽芽孢杆菌为应对不适的外界环境而形成的一种生命形式,休眠期的芽孢可以通过萌发恢复生长成为繁殖体。萌发过程作为关键步骤,可以由营养萌发剂和一些非营养类物质或者在其他情况下触发。在萌发过程中,萌发剂通过与存在于芽孢内膜上的萌发剂受体结合来触发芽孢核内各种阳离子的释放以及芽孢核对水的吸收。在芽孢皮层的肽聚糖被酶水解后,芽孢核逐渐完全水合化,开始进行新陈代谢以及大分子的合成活动,逐渐成长为一个新的营养细胞。该文将从萌发受体、芽孢皮层水解酶功能等方面对炭疽菌芽孢萌发机制进行阐述。
A spore is another life cycle form of Bacillus anthracis for resisting starvation.When conditions are favorable for growth, the dormant spore will germinate,go through outgrowth, and are ultimately converted back into a growing cell. As the first step back to vegetative growth, germination could be induced by nutrients and a variety of non-nutrient agents. Nutrient germinants trigger cation release and water absorption by binding to receptors in the spore′s inner membrane.Then the spore′s peptidoglycan cortex is hydrolyzed and the spore core rehydrates, which allows the resumption of spore metabo-lism and macromolecular synthesis.This paper reviews the nutrient germinant receptor and cortex lytic enzymes in the spore germination process of B.anthracis.

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枯草芽孢杆菌分泌的抗菌物质在植物病害防治方面具有重要作用。在芽孢形成初期阶段,枯草芽孢杆菌通过"同种相食"(Cannibalism)推迟芽孢形成:准备形成芽孢的细胞产生并释放细菌毒素skf和sdp,杀死未形成芽孢的同类细胞,死亡细胞释放的营养可供准备形成芽孢的细胞利用,导致芽孢形成推迟。细菌毒素skf和sdp具有广谱杀菌性。综述"同种相食"的基因调控机制,该过程中新型毒素的产生及免疫机制,"同种相食"生物意义及毒素skf、sdp在生物防治应用前景。对于枯草芽孢杆菌生物防治制剂开发具有实际意义。
Antibacterial compounds, produced by Bacillus subtilis, play a vital role in biological control of plant diseases. During the early stages of sporulation, B. subtilis can delay the commitment to sporulation by "Cannibalism". Sporulating cells produce toxins skf and sdp to kill the non-sporulating sister cells. The nutrients released by the dead cells can be used for the growth of sporulating cells, which results in the delay of sporulation. skf and sdp are broad-spectrum antibacterial toxics. This review outlines the genetic regulation of "Cannibalism", the production of novel antibacterial toxins in"Cannibalism", immunity mechanisms to these toxins, the biological significance of cannibalism, and the application prospects of skf and sdp in biological control.

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以呼和浩特市某牛场地表土壤为研究对象，通过传统的微生物培养方法和基于16SrRNA基因序列的新型分子生物学方法对其中的微生物进行了分析。结果显示在牛场地表土壤中共鉴定出蜡样芽孢杆菌（Bacilluscereus）、苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillusthuringiensis）、地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacilluslincheniformis）、产芽孢梭菌（Clostridiumsporogenes）、纯黄肠球菌（Enterococcusgilvus）和拜氏梭菌（Clostridiumbeijerinckii）共40株，并通过16SrRNA基因序列的系统发育树研究得到蜡样芽孢杆菌、苏云金芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌这三种优势芽孢杆菌之间的亲缘关系。该研究为后续开发应用于无抗饲料添加剂和生物农药的绿色、安全、高效的益生芽孢杆菌微生态制剂提供一定的数据基础。
This study chose the surface soil of a dairy farm as the research object, and analyzed the bacterium of the surface soil by traditional culture methods and molecular biology technique based on 16S rRNA genetic sequence. The results in present study showed that there were 40 strains of bacterium in sample including Bacillus cereus, Bacillusthuringiensis, Bacilluslincheniformis, Clostridiumsporogenes, Enterococcusgilvus and Clostridium beijerinckii. Furthermore, the first three was predominant Bacillus in the surface soil of dairy farm and the phylogenetic tree diagram of the genome sequence reveal the genetic relationship among these predominant Bacillus. Thecurrentstudyaimedtoprovidecertainreferenceforexploringhealthy,safetyandefifcientlyprobioticBacillus appliedtoAntibiotics-freefeedingadditivesandBiopesticide.

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芽孢杆菌属于革兰氏阳性菌，其主要特征是能够产生抗逆性的内生孢予——芽孢芽孢能够抵抗多种不良环境，因此较易储存、与乳酸菌、酵母菌等微生态制剂不同，芽孢作为芽孢杆菌主要的商品形式，在动物肠道内的作用方式和机理较为复杂，目前已成为国内外研究的热点、文章对近几年芽孢杆菌在动物肠道中的作用机理及其养殖应用效果进行综述，并对其在养殖业中的应用前景进行了展望，以期为更好地开发和应用此类微生态制剂提供参考，
Bacillus subtilis sp. belongs to Gram-positive bacteria. Its main characteristic is to produce resistance endospores, which could tolerate a variety of adverse environment. Thus, spores could be easily storaged. Differed from the normal probiotics like lactic acid bacteria and yeast, spores are the major commercial form of B. subtilis sp. Because of the mechanism and mode of action of spores are complicated, it becomes the major concern in researches. In this paper, we summarized the possible mechanisms of spores in animal gut system and also dis?cussed the effects of spores in animal application. We also predicted the trends of its applica?tion in agriculture, for a better development and application of this kind of probiotics.

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为半夏建立有效生物防治和高产优质的绿色种植,采用研磨法和组织块培养法从贵州健康半夏植株的叶、叶柄、块茎中分离纯化到8株内生细菌,并采用细菌16SrDNA序列分析的分子生物学方法结合传统形态和生理生化鉴定方法进行种属鉴定。结果表明:8株内生细菌被鉴定为5属6个种,即芽孢杆菌属的嗜碱芽孢杆菌(Bacillus alcalophilus)、微杆菌属的产左聚糖微杆菌(Microbacterium laevaniformans)、短芽孢杆菌属的土壤短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus agri)和热红短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus thermoruber)、寡养单胞菌属的嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltrophilia)、类芽孢杆菌属的多黏类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus polymyxa)。说明,贵州半夏体内含有多种内生细菌,多数为杆菌,其中芽孢杆菌、多黏类芽孢杆菌等将为半夏益生菌的开发奠定基础。
To build a green planting pattern of P .ternata with effective biological control and high yield and quality, eight endophytic strains were isolated and purified by grinding and tissure block culturing methods from tubers,leaves and stipe of health P .ternata in Guizhou.After purification and culturing,endophytic bacteria were identified by 16S rDNA gene (for bacteria)based molecular biology method association with morphological observation and physiological biochemical reactions.The results showed that eight endophytic bacterias were classified into five genera of six families,Bacillus alcalophilus , Microbacterium laevaniformans , Brevibacillus agri , Brevibacillus thermoruber , Stenotrophomonas maltrophilia and Paenibacillus polymyxa . This indicated that various endophytic species existed in P .ternate,and most of them were bacilus.Bacillus sp and Paenibacillus polymyxa isolated from P .ternata would contribute to preparing the probiotic preparations for P .ternata.

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目的 构建表面表达幽门螺杆菌中性粒细胞激活蛋白(NAP)的重组枯草芽孢,并鉴定其免疫原性.方法 以构建的pGEX-4T-1-NAP质粒为模板,采用特异性引物扩增幽门螺杆菌NAP基因,与构建的以枯草芽孢外衣蛋白Cotc融合表达的质粒Pus186-Cotc连接,转化枯草杆菌WB600,提取质粒进行酶切、测序鉴定.应用营养耗竭法诱导枯草芽孢生成,提取重组芽孢外衣蛋白进行电泳及免疫印迹分析,并使用NAP特异性抗体免疫荧光检测芽孢表面重组蛋白的表达.以普通芽孢作为对照组,使用表面表达NAP的重组枯草芽孢口服免疫小鼠,ELISA法检测小鼠免疫后0、15、30、45 d的NAP特异性血清IgG水平,判断重组芽孢免疫原性.结果 以pGEX-4T-1-NAP质粒为模板,扩增了NAP基因,并成功克隆入Pus 186-Cotc质粒,重组Pus 186-Cotc-NAP双酶切鉴定可见435 bp目的片段,测序结果显示NAP在正确读框中.营养耗竭法可诱导重组枯草芽孢生成,产量达1×1011/L,提取芽孢外衣蛋白电泳见相对分子质量25 600的目的条带.免疫印迹显示使用NAP特异性抗体在相应相对分子质量25 600可见识别带.并且使用NAP特异性抗体可检测到重组芽孢免疫荧光,表明NAP在芽孢表面成功表达.与对照组相比,NAP重组芽孢口服免疫小鼠15d后,NAP特异性IgG升高即达高峰,30、45 d后一直维持在高峰平台期(均P＜0.05),表明重组芽孢具免疫原性.结论 成功构建了表面表达NAP的枯草芽孢工程菌,重组芽孢口服免疫小鼠具免疫原性,为幽门螺杆菌枯草芽孢疫苗的研制提供了依据.
Objective To construct Bacillus subtilis spores which express Helicobacter pylori neutrophil activating protein (NAP) on surface and identify immunogenicity of recombinant spores.Methods NAP gene was amplified by specific primer by using constructed pGEX-4T-1-NAP plasmid as template.The PCR product was ligated with constructed Pus 186-Cotc plasmid,and transfected into Bacillus subtilis WB600.Recombinant plasmid was identified by double enzyme digestion and sequence analysis.Spores were made in Difco Sporulation Medium (DSM) by the exhaustion method.Coat protein of Bacillus subtilis was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western-blotting.Recombinant protein expression was identified by using NAP specific antibody in immunofluorescence assay.Mice were oral immunized by recombinant spores which expressed NAP on surface,and mice immunized with normal spores were used as control group.Immunogenicity of recombinant spores was identified by detecting NAP specific serum IgG by ELISA 0,15,30,45 days afte

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通过对剑南春酒曲中产 TTMP 菌株筛选，以及优化发酵条件，筛选到多株代谢 TTMP 能力强的菌株。根据菌株的形态生理生化特征、BIOLOG 全自动微生物鉴定仪和16SrDNA 基因序列分析，分别定性为枯草芽孢杆菌、解淀粉芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌和短小芽孢杆菌。
Several TTMP metabolized strains were obtained by screening in Jiannanchun liquor koji and optimization of the fermentation conditions. According to the morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics, BIOLOG automated microbial identification system, and 16S rDNA sequence analysis, these strains were identified as , and .

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对枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂(1 000亿活芽孢/g)与常规对照药剂40%稻瘟灵乳油防治稻瘟病进行药效试验,评价枯草芽孢杆菌药剂对稻瘟病的防治效果。结果表明:枯草芽孢杆菌药剂对稻瘟病有较好的防效,可提高水稻产量,减少施药用工,增加经济效益。
The Bacillus subtilis WP (100000000000 live spore/g) were compared with conventional control efficacy of 40%isoprothiolane EC in controlling rice blast to evaluate its control effect. The test results show that Bacillus subtilis agent has better control effect on Rice Blast, and it is likely to increase rice yields, save labors in applying pesticides and increase economic returns.

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