医生使用传统含目镜系统的手术显微镜进行手术，当其头部移动时，该系统仅存在很小的出瞳直径，因而这就迫使医生在手术过程中长时间保持头部在特定位置。可见，传统手术显微镜存在显著弊端：长时间持续观察会增加医生的疲劳度。对使用二维微透镜阵列（microlens array，MLA）增大目视光学系统出瞳直径进行了理论探讨，并用傅里叶光学原理进行了理论分析。并且在此基础上，设计了增大手术显微镜光学系统出瞳直径的二维微透镜阵列器件，该二维微透镜阵列器件中两个折射面相对放置，且两者相距一个微透镜单元焦距的长度。经计算机模拟计算证明，使用该二维微透镜阵列器件可以有效增大目视光学系统出瞳直径，并可获得更加均匀的出射光束。

The conventional surgical microscope uses eyepiece lens systems which have very small exit pupil to occur when the observer moves his head during observation, thereby obliging the observer to keep his head at a constant position while he performs the operations described above. Therefore, the conventional surgical microscope has a defect that it gives a strong feeling of fatigue when he continues observation for a long time. Two dimensional microlens array(MLA) can be used in wearable applications as exit pupil expanders to increase the size of the optical system exit pupil. Fourier optics theory was used to derive the analytical formulas, and physical optics beam propagation was used for numerical computations. The MLA′s reflective surface was spaced from the other focal curve about a focal length. A dual-MLA is proved that can produces excellent exit-pupil, and it can often generate output beamlets that have a more uniform brightness.

针对红外中波/长波双波段制导系统性能测试与评估的需求，设计了一套基于数字微镜器件的红外双波段视景仿真光学系统，包括投影镜头和照明系统。讨论了大出瞳距、大后工作距情况下红外双波段投影系统的像差特性及设计方法，采用反摄远结构和谐衍射面结合的方案，解决了由双波段、大出瞳距离和大后工作距带来的系统彗差、像散、畸变以及色差难以平衡的问题。采用柯勒式直接照明的方案，解决了斜入射情况下均匀照明的问题，提高了光能利用率并有效地控制了杂光的影响。最终仿真系统全视场角为5o，F#为2.4，出瞳距离190 mm，出瞳直径84 mm，系统畸变小于0.1%，中波时系统奈奎斯特频率36 lp/mm下各视场调制传递函数大于0.4，长波时中间频率20 lp/mm处传递函数均大于0.38；照明均匀性高于98.5%。满足红外中波/长波双波段高质量模拟仿真的需求。

For the requirements of performance testing and evaluation of IR guidence system which works in dual-bands of MW/LW, a DMD based dual-bands infrared scene simulation system was designed, including a projection lens and illumination optical system. The aberration characteristics and design methods of the IR dual-bands projection system with long exit pupil relief and back focal length were discussed. An inverted-telephoto structure with a harmony diffraction surface was used to solve the aberrations such as coma, astigmatism, distortion and chromatic aberration which were difficult to balance. In the design of the illumination system, directly irradiation combined with the K-hler illumination principle was adopted to achieve a uniform illumination in the case of oblique incidence, also the improvement of light energy utilization and suppression of the stray light as well. The designed IR MW/LW scene simulator has a full field of view of 5o, F# of 2.4, and exit pupil relief of 190 mm. Th

针对微光夜视系统试验的需要，本文对微光夜视系统的工作环境进行了分析且在此基础上提出了实验室条件下实现自然微光环境模拟的方法。文中通过计算得到了平行光管出瞳处的照度与光源所模拟出的自然微光照度的对应关系。对该关系进行进一步分析，得到了只要平行光管的视场大于微光夜视系统的视场就可以在实验室条件下实现微光夜视系统测试中所需自然微光环境模拟的方法，并通过实验验证了该方法的可行性。

Considering the needs of glimmer night vision system experiment,this paper has analyzed the working envi-ronment of glimmer night vision system, and based on this analysis this paper presents the method simulated natural shimmer environment under the laboratory condition. This paper obtained by analyzing the corresponding relationship be-tween the parallel light pipes of illumination at the exit pupil and simulating natural light illumination. By further analy-sis of the relationship, we can conclude that as long as the field of collimator is larger than the field of night vision system,the natural micro light of night vision system testing can be simulated under the laboratory conditions,and the feasibility of this method is verified by experiment.

红外探测器的尺寸是制约光学系统大幅宽成像的重要因素,选择合适的光学系统结构和成像方式,则可以规避探测器的限制。文中提出了一种像方摆扫成像模式,基于成熟的常规尺寸红外面阵探测器,采用多帧图像拼接的方式,满足了光学系统的大幅宽成像要求。鉴于像方摆扫需要在平行光路中进行,在两反无焦系统的基础上,研究了三反无焦系统的设计方法,给出了初始结构的计算公式。光学系统总体上分为前置的无焦压缩系统、扫描摆镜、成像组。其中,扫描摆镜位于平行光路中的出瞳位置,采用视场分光的方式分别实现中波红外和长波红外成像,通过仿真分析,光学系统的冷反射得到有效抑制,MTF接近衍射极限。

The design of optical systems with wide ground coverage are restricted by the size of infrared detector. This problem can be solved by choosing the appropriate imaging mode. A kind of image space scanning method was given in the paper. It could satisfy the optical systems with general area infrared detectors. The picture was built by image mosaics technology. Because the image space scanning method needs to be done in the parallel light path, the design method of three-mirror afocal system was studied based on two-mirror afocal system and the formulas to compute the initial structure was given. The optical system consists of afocal system, scanning mirror and imaging part. The scanning mirror was placed at the exit pupil of the afoacl system. The MWIR and LWIR were separated by the field-bias method and imaged respectively. The simulation analysis shows that the Narcissus is under control and the MTF of the optical system is very close to the diffraction limit.

空间相机是基于卫星平台实现远距离遥感成像的重要光学遥感器,其成像品质会受到众多因素的影响。首先,由于平台本身在姿态稳定度和指向控制精度方面存在不足,飞轮转动、制冷剂及推进剂的喷溅、天体引力、振动噪声等均会带来高、低频振动,从而使空间相机在推扫成像中出现非正常的像移、光轴抖动,导致运动模糊和离焦模糊。其次,分辨率要求的提高会导致系统口径的增大或者采用拼接方式获得等效的大口径,然而无论是单一大口径系统或者拼接镜系统,其光机结构的状态对平台工况比较敏感。光机结构状态的变化可以间接的由系统出瞳波像差反应出来,并使波像差偏离理想值,导致无法实现衍射受限成像,引起成像品质的降低。因此,该文针对上述两个方面的内容,围绕提高空间光学相机在轨成像品质所应该采取的技术途径进行了探讨,并给出了建议,对于高分辨率光学遥感器的设计有一定的参考价值。

Space camera is an important instrument used to realize remote sensing. However, the imaging quality is influenced by many factors. Firstly, the satellite platform is a complicated environment and it causes lots of disturbances. In this case, it is very hard to avoid unexpected image motion caused by oscillation of op-tical axis during the normal exposure time and therefore the imaging quality is degraded. Secondly, higher resolution requires bigger system aperture. This makes the system so sensitive that a slight deviation of wave-front from the ideal value leads to severe degradation of imaging quality. With considering those problems, in this paper, two kinds of technique are proposed to reduce or eliminate the factors that probably cause image degradation. One is based on initial design that makes the system robust and the other is based on passive test and compensation. The analysis indicates that the techniques are effective and can be as a reference for other space cameras.