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双语推荐：方士

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莫高窟第249、285、297窟出现东王公、西王母、伏羲、女娲、雷神、开明、飞廉、青龙、白虎、朱雀、玄武、方士、羽人等形象，或属之道教，或属之“佛道结合”或“佛道杂糅”，皆非确论。其实为佛教对神话、道教题材的吸纳消化，化为己有。彼所有者我亦有，我所有者彼乃无。从而充实、壮大加强了自身，在佛道较量中更胜一筹。同时意味着北朝时期敦煌佛教突破了佛经封闭性局限，朝向世俗化方向踱步。
Some images in Mogao caves 249, 285, and 297, including King Father of the East, Queen Mother of the West, Fuxi, Nüwa, god of thunder, Kaiming, Feilian, Blue Dragon, White Tiger, Scarlet Bird, Black Tortoise, Fangshi (alchemist), and feathered human beings, are Taoist creation or mixtures of both Taoism and Buddhism. All these opinions are not pertinent. Actually, they reflected Buddhist absorption of mythological and Taoist themes. Buddhism strengthened itself by absorbing non-Buddhist themes and then overshadowed Taoism. This also means that Dunhuang Buddhism in the Northern Dynasties had broken through the limitation of Buddhist scriptures and stepped toward secularization.

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巫术是指幻想依靠“超自然力”对客体加强影响或控制的活动.上古巫术应用范围很广,其中用于医疗者,称为“巫医术”,大致包括祝由、厌劾、禁忌数种.秦汉时期,巫医术被阴阳五行理论改造成为医方术的一部分.其中,巫术鬼神系统被方士鬼神系统取代;祝由术、禁忌法被渗入术数思维;厌劾术基本被符篆术取代.巫医术改造不彻的残留,亦为秦汉方技家所兼收并用.
By witchcraft,it refers to the activities of imagining and intending to affect or control the object through" supernatural power".Ancient witchcraft was applied extensively in which those applied for medical purpose included sorcery,praying,superstitious art of anti-disaster,and tabooing,were collectively called" medical witchcraft".During the Qin-Han periods,witchcraft was transformed by the theory of YinYang and Five-Phases as a part of technical profession.Among them,the system of demon-ghost witchcraft was replaced by the necromantic ghost system; exorcism and taboo system were infiltrated with the conception of the art of mathematics and technical system; whereas the superstitious art of anti-disaster was replaced by incantation.The remnants of medical witchcraft not yet totally transformed were also applied by the technical professionals of the Qin-Han Dynasties.

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医药学是我国古代科技的重要门类之一,在刘歆的《七略》中,医药学被称之为"方技略",医生被称之为"方者"。司马迁在《史记》中撰《扁鹊仓公列传》,开创了正史为方技立传的先河,后世因袭,遂成故事。从长沙马王堆出土的《五十二病方》来看,从春秋战国至秦汉社会,医方包括部分禁方有了很大的普及。东汉初年编成的《神农本草经》集中反映了先秦秦汉时期药物学的成就。方技中不仅方者,甚至鼓吹神仙术的方士,都对药物学作出了一定的贡献。
@@@@Medicine is one of the important categories of ancient science and technology in China .In the Seven Brie fwriten by Liu Xin ,medicine was called Fangji Brief ,the doctor was referred to as Fangzhe . Sima Qian had written Records of the Grand Historian :Collected Biographies of Bian Que and Cang Gong ,which had been pioneered the official history to write biography of Fangji .Through 52 Kinds of Disorders unearthed in Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha ,medical prescriptions including some taboo prescriptions extensively had been popularizing from the Spring and Autumn periods and Warring States periods to the Qin and Han dynasties .The Shen Nong’s Herbal Classic compiled in the early Eastern Han dynasty concentrated to reflect achievements of the Qin and Han’s medicine .Both the Fangzhe and alche-mists also made a certain contribution for medicine .

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战国秦汉时期的方仙道,兴起于燕齐滨海地带,而以齐地为大本营,在先秦两汉时期有过三次发展高峰。齐地方士在方仙道方术和神仙理论的创造和传播过程中,发挥了领袖和主导的作用,其神仙理论和仙道活动构成了齐文化独具特色的重要组成部分。而方仙道还与黄老之学共同促成了民族宗教——道教,并在漫长的历史发展中,对中国文化、中国人的精神世界及世俗生活等产生了极为重要的影响。与齐地关系极为密切的神仙文化,在精神关怀、文化创意及文化品牌的建设等方面,有着积极的的现实意义。
The Doctrine of Fangxian in the Warring States Period formed from the coastal region of Yan and Qi,which was based in Qi.In the Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty,it appeared three development booms.Alchemist played a leading role in the process of the creation and transmission of the Taoism and the Doctrine of Fangxian.At the same time,their immortal theory and activities constituted an important part of the Qi culture.The Doctrine of Fangxian and the thought of Emperor Huang and Lao Tzu jointly contributed to the national religion---Taoism,which had very important influence on Chinese culture,the spiritual world of Chinese and their secular life in the long history.The immortal culture,which has close relations with Qi,has a positive significance in spiritual concern,cultural creativity and cultural brand construction.

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