老子的《道德经》由道论和德论构成,"德"是"道"的显现和作用,"玄之又玄"的"道"要通过"德"才能更具体地理解。"德"的内容是由五个层次形成的结构:最高层的是"玄德",第二个层次的是"上德",第三个层次的是"下德",第四个层次是"上仁",第五个层次是"上义"。至于"上礼",《道德经》则将其排除在"德"之外。人育德的具体要求是"三宝""七善"。"三宝"是"一曰慈,二曰俭,三曰不敢为天下先"。"七善"是"居善地,心善渊,与善仁,言善信,正善治,事善能,动善时"。

Tao Te Ching by Laozi consists of theory of Dao and that of De.As for the relationship between them,De is the manifestation and functioning of Dao,only through which the mysterious Dao could be better understood.The content of De is a five-level structure:the top is the abstruse De,the second level the upper De,the third level the lower De,the fourth level the upper humanity,the last level the upper justice.And the upper propriety is excluded in the book.For humans to cultivate De,“three precious virtues”and “seven kindnesses”are required.They are virtues of benevolence,thrift,and humility;and the seven kindnesses are to settle oneself at the right position,to be of peace and profundity in mind,to be kind-heated to others, to be credible in dealing with others,to have good governance in doing politics,to explore and make best of one potential,and to act in the right time.

目的：探讨胆汁糖蛋白糖链结构变化对于鉴别良恶性胆道疾病的作用。方法选取青岛市海慈医疗集团普外科收治的胆道疾病患者100例，按照良、恶性将其分为对照组（良性胆道疾病）和观察组（胆管癌），每组各50例。取两组患者胆汁滴于硝酸纤维膜上，通过比较麦胚凝集素（ WGA ）、欧曼陀罗凝集素（ DSA）、小扁豆凝集素（ LCA）、刀豆凝集素（ CONA）试验阳性率，探讨胆汁糖蛋白糖链结构变化与良恶性胆道疾病的关系。结果对照组 WGA、DSA、LCA、CONA 凝集素试验阳性率分别为22．0％、14．0％、2．0％、76.0％，观察组分别为76．0％、66．0％、76．0％、82．0％。两组CONA凝集素试验阳性率差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05），观察组WGA、LCA、DSA凝集试验阳性率均明显高于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（χ2＝29．17、28．17、57．55，均P＜0．05）。结论胆汁糖蛋白糖链结构变化与胆道疾病良、恶性密切相关，可以通过WGA、LCA、DSA凝集试验阳性率判断胆管疾病良、恶性，值得在临床上广泛推广。

Objective To investigate the effects of changes in protein bile sugar chain structure for differen-tiating benign and malignant biliary tract disease .Methods 100 patients with biliary tract diseases who were treated in Department of General Surgery ,Qingdao Haici Medical Group were selected in this study .According to benign or malignant biliary disease ,the patients were divided into control group ( benign biliary tract disease ) and observation group ( cholangiocarcinoma ) ,50 cases in each group .Two groups of patients with bile drops on the nitrocellulose mem-brane,through the comparison of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA),Datura stramonium agglutinin (DSA),lentil lectin (LCA),concanavalin A(CONA) positive rate of test,to explore the relationship between sugar chain of glycoprotein in bile and bile duct benign and malignant diseases .Results In control group,the positive rates of WGA,DSA,LCA, CONA agglutinin test were 22.0%,14.0%,2.0%,76.0%,those in the observation group were 76.0%,66.

近些年来,随着紫砂艺术实践与理论的发展,对"玉成窑"的研究已开始受到关注,通常认为,玉成窑是清同治、光绪年间在宁波慈城创办的生产紫砂壶的文人紫砂窑口,它是当时的一批文人在沪甬两地名门的资助下与一些紫砂艺人合作制壶的紫砂艺术活动。在紫砂壶艺史上,它可谓是继嘉道年间"曼生壶"之后,"文人壶"的再次勃兴,其中尤以清代书法家梅调鼎所参与题铭的砂壶最为著名,是"玉成窑"砂壶作品的的名器佳物。目前,对于"玉成窑"的历史真相及其在紫砂史上的地位,虽已有不少相关论述,在很多根本性问题上却仍莫衷一是,在此背景下,有必要对玉成窑之史实脉络与历史价值进行更为深入地研究与厘清。

With the development of purple-clay teapot production and theory in recent years, attentions have been paid to the research of Yu Cheng Kiln. It was a kiln built in Cicheng (a town in Ningbo) for the production of purple-clay teapot in Tong Zhi and Guang Xu regime in the Qing dynasty. In the history of purple-clay teapot, it was a revitalization of the ‘literati teapot’ (a kind of teapot made by the ancient literati) after the production of Man Sheng teapot in the Jia Dao regime. The best and the most famous among those produced in Yu Cheng Kiln is a kind of teapot inscribed by Mei Tiaoding, a Chinese cal igrapher in the Qing dynasty. Although the papers concerning the truth of Yu Cheng Kiln and its position in the history of purple-clay teapot are available at present, some essential questions about the kiln remain to be answered. In this sense, it is indispensible to conduct a more profound research into the historical track and value of Yu Cheng Kiln.