原油中的氯化物在原油加工过程中造成设备腐蚀、管道阻塞及催化剂中毒等。文中对国内外原油中氯化物的脱除技术进行了综述，现有的工艺对无机氯化物的脱除效果较好，但对有机氯化物的脱除效果不佳，开发新的脱氯技术是原油加工今后的研究方向。

Hazards of chlorides in crude oil in processing were described,which include equipment corrosion,pipe clogging and catalyst poisoning. The development and research on chlorides at home and abroad were reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages chloride removal technologies, such as electric desalting and dehydration processes, adsorption process and catalytic process,were discussed. The inorganic chloride removal effect of the existing technology is better,but it is ineffective for removing organic chlorides,so the development of novel dechlorination technology is the research direction in the future.

[目的]探讨小儿病毒性脑膜炎和结核性脑膜炎（TBM）早期鉴别因素。[方法]回顾性分析确诊为病毒性脑膜炎患儿262例和TBM患儿55例的临床和实验室特征。[结果]比较两种疾病临床和实验室特征，多变量分析表明：入院前症状持续时间（DSBA）、DSBA ≥5 d、死亡、脑脊液（CSF）与血浆葡萄糖比值＜0．5、CSF氯化物浓度、CSF氯化物浓度低于正常、CSF蛋白值、CSF蛋白值＞1 g/L有统计学意义（P＜0．05）；多变量 logistic 回归方程分析，进入 logistic 回归方程的因素：DSBA≥5 d、CSF与血浆葡萄糖比值＜0．5、CSF氯化物浓度低于正常、CSF蛋白值＞1 g/L；ROC 曲线提示：DSBA、CFS氯化物浓度、CFS蛋白值灵敏度高。[结论]早期获得的DSBA、CSF与血浆葡萄糖比值、CSF氯化物浓度、CSF蛋白值等临床和实验室的数据对于鉴别结核性脑膜炎和病毒性脑膜炎有重要意义。

[Obj ective]To explore the early identification factors between viral meningitis and tuberculous meningitis(TBM)in children.[Methods]Clinical and laboratory features of 262 patients with viral meningitis and 5 5 TBM patients were analyzed retrospectively.[Results]Clinical and laboratory features were compared between two diseases.Multivariable analysis showed that there were significant differences in duration of symptom before admission(DSBA),DSBA>5 days,death,cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)glucose/blood glucose ratio 1g/L(P 5 days,CSF glucose/blood glucose ratio 1 g/L.ROC curve indicated that DSBA,CSF chloride concentration and pro-tein had high sensitivity.[Conclusion]Early available clinical and laboratory data such as DSBA,CSF glu-cose/blood glucose ratio,CSF chloride and protein are important to differentiate TBM from viral meningitis.

采用热力学平衡计算和管式炉实验的方法对垃圾焚烧中氯化物对铜迁移转化特性的影响进行了研究。热力学平衡计算和实验研究结果表明,氯化物的形态、含量及焚烧温度对铜的迁移转化特性有显著影响。无论是有机PVC还是无机NaCl对铜都有氯化作用,使其生成易蒸发的CuCl,从而促进铜向飞灰中的迁移分布,NaCl的影响大于PVC。焚烧温度、氯化物的热解特性与焚烧方式协同作用影响铜的迁移转化特性,随温度升高PVC的氯化作用减弱而NaCl的作用增强。焚烧时间对PVC没有显著影响,对NaCl的影响显著。扫描电镜–能谱分析(SEM-EDS)结果显示,添加PVC时铜在底渣中以氧化物的形态存在,而添加NaCl时铜以氧化物和氯化物的形态共存,飞灰中铜以氯化物的形态存在于小颗粒中。

The effects of chlorides on the Cu partitioning and speciation in the municipal solid waste (MSW)incineration was investigated using thermodynamic equilibrium calculation and a simulated tubular furnace experiment. The thermodynamic calculation and experimental results show that the form and amount of chloride and the temperature impacted significantly on the Cu partitioning and speciation. Both organic PVC and inorganic NaCl could chlorides copper to form volatile CuCl, as a result, it promotes Cu distribution in fly ash. The NaCl had a more significant effect than the PVC does. The combustion temperature and properties of pyrolysis and combustion of chloride affected Cu partitioning and speciation synergistically. As the temperature increased, the chlorization effect of PVC decreased, whereas the chorization effect of NaCl increased. Incineration time had apparent influence on NaCl but almost no influence on PVC. The results of SEM-EDS show that Cu is present as oxide in bottom ash w

以甲烷氯化物建设项目环评为研究对象，通过从产业政策、工程分析、环境风险、清洁生产、污染防治、厂址可行性等角度对其特点进行分析，提出了甲烷氯化物建设项目环评工作的重点和难点，并结合实际环评工作，给出了相应的解决方法和思路。

This paper studies environmental impact assessment of methane chlorides construction projects to analyze its characteristics and raise its emphasises and difficulties ,from industrial policy, engineering analysis, environmental risks, cleaner production, pollution prevention, site feasibility. What’s more,it’s also provide some method and suggestion to solve emphasis and difficulties.

为了帮助电镀企业选择适合的三价铬镀铬体系，通过实验探讨了3种已获应用的三价铬镀铬溶液体系(硫酸盐、氯化物和硫酸盐-氯化物)与六价铬镀铬溶液体系在镀铬过程中镀液性能、镀层外观色泽和性能之间的差异。结果表明，3种三价铬镀铬体系的电流效率均高于六价铬镀铬体系，所得铬镀层与镍镀层的结合力均好，但镀层硬度较低。其中，硫酸盐镀铬体系的分散能力和覆盖能力最好，得到合格镀层的电流密度范围最宽，所得铬镀层外观色泽乌亮，其耐蚀性与六价铬镀铬相当，但镀速较慢。硫酸盐-氯化物溶液体系镀速较快，电流效率最高；氯化物溶液体系次之，所得铬镀层外观色泽均白亮，但耐蚀性稍差。

The difference of the bath property as well as the appearance, color, luster and performance of chromium deposit obtained from three types of applied trivalent chromium baths including sulfate, chloride, and sulfate-chloride systems from that prepared from a hexavalent chromium plating bath was discussed to help the electroplating corporations selecting suitable trivalent chromium plating system. The results proved that the cathodic current efficiency of all the trivalent chromium plating systems is higher than that of the hexavalent chromium plating system. The adhesion of trivalent chromium deposits to nickel deposit is good, while the hardness is relative low. The sulfate trivalent chromium plating system features the highest throwing power and covering power, the widest current density range over which an eligible chromium deposit is obtained, but relatively low deposition rate, and produces deposits with glossy black appearance and comparable corrosion resistance to the hexavalent