印第安人作为北美最早的居民,创造了辉煌的印第安文学传统。当代美国印第安女作家路易丝·厄德里奇的《爱之药》探讨了回归印第安文化传统、追寻族裔文化身份的主题,这也是贯穿当代美国印第安作家作品的主题。《爱之药》分析了深受主流社会影响的当代印第安人困顿混乱的生活状态,为现代化进程中的印第安种族指出生存的必由之路,即维护族裔文化,回归部落传统,正视社会现实,融入多元文化。从印第安文学的复兴及其发展现状来看,美国印第安文学必将成为多元文化中重要的组成部分。

Because of being the earliest settlers of the North America, the Indians created the splendid Indian literary tradition. The studies of Indian literary traditions concern the affirmation of the starting period of American literature, and it is also one of the important aspects of the studies of the origin of American literature. In Love Medicine from Louise Erdrich who is the American Indian author, the theme is mainly the cultural regression and cultural identity for the Native Americans. Returning to traditional Native culture is the theme that runs through the works by contemporary Native American authors. The novel demonstrated the perplexity life of the contemporary Indians influenced by the mainstream society and the way for the Indians in the modernization is to protect national culture, return to the tribe tradition and face the social reality, combine the multi-culture. Based on its renaissance and recent development, Native American literature will become the important part i

印第安作为北美大陆最古老的土著民族,在长期的部落生活中形成了自身独特的文学特征,强调人与自然的高度融合。但是随着新大陆的发现和殖民者的不断涌入,印第安文学受到了前所未有的冲击甚至濒临消亡的边缘。其文学体现了被白人文化同化的同时尽量保留了自身的文学特点,直到美国高涨的民权运动引发的文化回归,印第安文学在美国当今多元文化的影响下才得以复兴并具备了新的特点。

As the oldest aboriginal residents in North American continent,the local American Indians have fostered their own liter-ature,which believes that human beings and the nature are indispensable and closely connected;however,with the discovery of New World and the invasion of colonists,the Indian literature was stricken and at the brink of dying out. Although dominated by the litera-ture of the white people,it was still reserved to some extent. Not until the bloom of civil rights movements in the US was Indian litera-ture restored with its new features against the background of multi-cultural society.

自“美国印第安文艺复兴”以来，一批具有民族自豪感的作家与诗人把写作当作政治解放的武器，在其诗歌创作中强调对同化的抵制，表达出认同祖先文化传统的愿望。作为当代印第安英语诗歌的代表人物，乔伊·哈娇（Joy Harjo）、西蒙·欧提斯（S1mon Ortiz）以及琳达·荷根（Linda Hogan）将诗歌创造建立在印第安口述文化传统之上，强调土地是印第安的记忆和文化之根，并透过灵性传统彰显异于主流文学的叙述模式、神话体系和信仰体系。

Since American Indian Renaissance, a new generation of Indian writers and poets with a strong sense of national pride takes up writing as a weapon of political liberation, proclaiming their dismissal of assimilation and articulating the desire to identify with their ancestral heritages. As representative figures of contemporary American Indian poetry, Joy Harjo, Simon Ortiz and Linda Hogan infuse their poem-writing with traditional Indian culture such as affiliating with land, storytelling and vision so as to highlight Indian narrative discourse and mythology that are differenting from dominant culture.

作为一部半自传体小说,《苦行记》表现了19世纪美国西部的社会生活。通过分析小说中的种族伦理叙事和马克·吐温对土著印第安人和华人的种族伦理观,指出19世纪土著印第安人和华人遭受了来自美国主流社会严重的种族歧视。马克·吐温对印第安人进行极力丑化,表现出极度的仇视。对华人的同情和赞美,以及对华人负面形象的塑造仍然流露出白人种族的优越意识和文化优越感。

This paper explores American racism in 19th century by analyzing ethnic narrative ethics of novel, and Mark Twain’s ethics on Native American Indians and Chinese, pointing out Native American Indians and Chinese experienced extremely racial discrimination in 19th century. Mark Twain has deeply embedded racist ideas on Native American Indians. Though he shows the sympathy and admiration for the Chinese, he creates negative images of Chinese from his own racial superiority perspective.