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双语推荐：肠道发育

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肠道健康决定了动物的整体机能和生产力水平,改善肠道结构与功能对动物健康生长具有重要意义。在畜牧生产中,诸多因素均能导致动物肠道功能损伤、生产力降低和抗病力减弱。表皮生长因子是促生长因子家族成员之一,具有许多生物学作用。表皮生长因子作为有丝分裂原,可刺激细胞分裂、增殖,增加上皮组织的DNA与蛋白质合成等,其独特作用是促进肠道组织生长、发育及损伤后修复,与动物肠道结构和功能密切相关。本文主要就表皮生长因子介导的信号通路、促进肠道发育、修复受损肠道组织、影响肠道各种酶活性以及提高营养物质消化吸收等方面内容进行论述。
Gastrointestinal health of animals determines their overall level of function and productivity, and the improvement of structure and function in intestine has a great influence on healthy growth of animals. Howev-er, some factors can cause intestinal injury, reduction of growth performance and immunity in animal produc-tion. Epidermal growth factor ( EGF) is one of growth factor family members, which has many biological functions. EGF can stimulate cellular proliferation and differentiation, and enhance protein and DNA synthesis of epithelial tissues. The unique roles of EGF are promoting growth and development and repairing damage of the intestinal tract, which are related to intestinal structure and function. This paper reviewed the mediated sig-nal pathways by EGF, and its biological functions such as promoting intestinal development, repairing damaged intestine, affecting enzyme activities in intestinal tract and improving digestion and absorption of nutrients.

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动物肠道是一个开放的生态系统，栖息着大量的微生物，这些微生物与宿主免疫系统之间协同进化，在维持肠道稳态方面发挥着重要的作用。建立和维持肠道微生物与宿主免疫系统之间有益的相互作用是保障机体健康的关键。为此，本文综述了肠道微生物区系的组成及影响因素、肠道微生物促进宿主免疫系统的发育及调节机体免疫系统的可能机制。
An animal gut is an open ecological system that is colonized by large numbers and variety of micro-organisms. The microbiota has coevolved relationship with the host immune system and plays an important role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Establishing and maintaining beneficial interactions between gut microbio-ta and host immunity are key requirements for host health. Therefore, this article reviewed the composition of gut microbiota, the development of the host immune system under regulation of gut microbes and the possible mechanisms of gut microbiota regulating immune system.

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肠道微生态是由体内有益菌及有害菌共同构成的生态环境,是人体最大、最复杂的微生态系统.研究表明,适当的肠道微生物定植过程有助于肠道结构和功能发育以及免疫系统成熟,它决定了之后肠道发生疾病的风险.肠道微生态或益生菌与新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis,NEC)的关系已越来越受到关注.该文就新生儿肠道微生态的构成及作用、肠道微生态在NEC发生中的作用及机制、益生菌对NEC的防治作用等研究进展作一综述.
The intestinal microbiota is composed of beneficial bacteria and harmful bacteria in the body as the ecological environment,which is the largest,most complex microecosystem.There is emerging evidence that appropriate colonization process of intestinal microbes contributes to development of intestinal structure and function and maturation of immune system,which determines the risk of intestinal diseases.More and more studies focus on the relationship between intestinal microecology or probiotics and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).This article reviews the composition and function of neonatal intestinal microbiota,the intestinal microflora in the pathogenesis and mechanism of NEC and preventive effects of probiotics on NEC.

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早期的微生物接触、刺激可影响机体的免疫系统发育.肠道菌群通过促进肠免疫系统发育、诱导T细胞分化等多种途径调节机体免疫功能,使之处于平衡状态,从而避免或减少免疫相关疾病的发生.过敏性疾病的发生与机体自身免疫系统发育不全、免疫调控机制不完善有关,而肠道菌群可影响机体免疫系统且过敏患儿体内菌群分布较健康儿童有差异,提示肠道菌群与儿童过敏性疾病的发生相关.有研究报道益生菌对过敏性疾病的防治有积极意义,为过敏性疾病的防治提供新的途径.
Microorganisms can affect the development of body immune system.Intestinal flora regulate immune function by promoting the intestinal immune system development,inducing T cell differentiation to avoid or reduce the incidence of immune-related diseases.Allergic diseases are related with the body's immune system hypoplasia and imperfect immune regulation mechanism.The immune system can be affected by intestinal flora,and the distribution of flora in the body between children with allergies and healthy children are significantly different,indicating that the occurrence of allergic diseases are associated with intestinal microflora.Studies have reported probiotic are helpful to the prevention and treatment of allergic disease,providing a new way for the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases.

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肠道微生态系统参与肠黏膜免疫系统的发育,促进肠黏膜分泌型免疫球蛋白A(secreted IgA,sIgA)的合成,并与肠黏膜免疫细胞相互调节,是维持肠道稳态的重要机制,在炎症性肠病、肠易激综合征、小儿过敏性疾病等疾患的发生发展中发挥重要的作用。文中对肠道微生态系统与肠黏膜免疫功能关系的进展作一综述。
Gut microflora , an important part in maintaining the intestinal homeostasis , can participate in the development of intestinal mucosal immune system , promote the synthesis of secreted IgA ( sIgA) and interact with intestinal immune cells .Gut micro-flora also plays a significant role in the development of inflammatory bowel diseases , irritable bowel syndrome , pediatric allergic disea-ses and other disorders .This paper reviews the advances about the correlation of gut microflora and intestinal mucosal immunity .

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人乳中棕榈酸在甘油三酯sn-2位上含量较高,这一结构可促进婴儿脂肪酸吸收、软化粪便并预防钙的吸收不良,同时也能提高婴儿生后早期骨代谢和发育、调节肠道菌群,在降低肠道损伤后炎症反应、调节婴儿啼哭等行为中可能也发挥作用.
The enrichment of plamitic acid at sn-2 position of triglyceride in human milk improves a high efficiency of fatty acid absorption,softer stools and prevention of calcium malabsorption in infants.Meanwhile,it increases early bone mineralization and development,adjusts the composition of the intestinal microflora.It also may lower the extent and severity of intestinal inflammation after injury and modulate early infant crying.

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人体肠道内的菌群参与了许多生理功能的维持和疾病的发生。作为大脑和胃肠道功能相互调节的重要桥梁,脑-肠轴功能的正常发挥是肠道菌群维持稳定的条件。脑-肠轴紊乱可激活肠黏膜免疫,对肠道菌群产生影响,使菌群结构发生改变。反之,肠道菌群结构改变亦会影响神经系统发育,导致脑-肠轴功能紊乱,其中迷走神经和血清代谢物质在脑-肠轴功能的调节中发挥重要作用。本文就肠道菌群与脑-肠轴功能相互影响的研究进展作一综述。
Gut microbiota plays an important role in the maintenance of physiological function and genesis of some gut diseases. Brain-gut axis,as an important link between brain and gastrointestinal tract,is a requisite of gut microbiota stability. The dysfunction of brain-gut axis may lead to intestinal dysbiosis through activation of intestinal immune activity. Conversely,intestinal dysbiosis can influence nervous system development and may cause dysfunction of brain-gut axis,in which vagus nerve and metabolites in serum may be the critical factors. This article reviewed the advances in study on interaction between gut microbiota and brain-gut axis.

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为探讨饲粮粗蛋白质水平对鲁西斗鸡肠道发育的影响,并建立肠道发育的生长模型,试验选用1日龄鲁西斗鸡雏鸡600只(公母各半),随机分为5个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复20只。试验分为0~6、7~12、13~18、19~24周4个阶段,采用单因子试验设计,各处理组分别饲喂不同蛋白质水平的饲粮。在6、12、18、24周末,每重复屠宰1只进行肠道指标的测定。结果表明:(1)饲粮粗蛋白质水平对6、12、18、24周末十二指肠、空肠及回肠长度和重量均无显著影响(P0.05);(2)鲁西斗鸡十二指肠、空肠及回肠重量随周龄变化符合Logistic模型。
A single factor design was used in a 24 week experiment to study the effects of crude protein levels on in-testinal growth of Luxi Game chickens,and formulated growth model of intestinal.A total of 600 one-day-old Luxi Game chickens (sex-mixed)were randomly divided into five experimental treatments with six replicates of twenty birds each, which were fed diets with different crude protein level.Feeding period was divided into four stages:0 to 6,7 to 12,13 to18,19 to 24 weeks.At the end of 6,12,18 and 24 weeks,the intestinal index were determined.The results showed as follows:(1)Length and weight of duodenum,jejunum and ileum were not significantly affected by dietary crude protein levels at the end of 6,12,18 and 24 weeks. (2)Weight of duodenum,jejunum and ileum changed accord with Logistic model as the age of Luxi Game chickens increased.

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钙卫蛋白是S100蛋白家族中的一种钙、锌结合蛋白,由中性粒细胞表达具有重要的细胞外功能。该文综述了粪钙卫蛋白与儿童肠道发育的相关性及影响因素,以及粪钙卫蛋白在儿童肠道病理状态下如坏死性小肠结肠炎、炎症性肠病、肠道感染、乳糜泻、过敏等疾病的诊断、随访、复发的评估及治疗的反应程度上的应用进展。进一步的研究还需要深入了解粪钙卫蛋白在儿科生理及病理过程中的实际作用。
Calprotectin is a calcium-and zinc-binding protein of the S100 family expressed mainly by neutrophils with important extracellular activity. This paper reviews current findings concerning the relationship between faecal calprotectin and intestinal development among children, inlfuencing factors of fecal calprotectin and the implication of faecal calprotectin in the diagnosis, follow-up, assessment of relapses, and response to treatment in pediatric intestinal diseases, such as necrotizing enterocolitis, inlfammatory bowel disease, intestinal infection, celiac disease and allergy. Further studies are required to provide insights into the actual role of calprotectin in physiological and pathological processes in pediatrics.

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为获知微颗粒饲料中添加精胺对半滑舌鳎仔稚鱼肠道发育的影响,试验以添加0,0.10%,0.33%精胺的微颗粒饲料(F1、F2、F3)和活饵料卤虫(F4)饲喂初始体长为2 cm左右的半滑舌鳎稚鱼。养殖28d后结果表明,卤虫组(F4)的特定生长率最高,饲料组中F2组特定生长率要显著高于F1和F3组(P0.05)。F3组的存活率仅为60.27%,显著低于其他各组(P0.05)。消化酶活力测定结果中,F2组在14d和28d时都含有较高的碱性磷酸酶比活力和亮氨酸氨基肽酶比活力,较低的亮氨酸-丙氨酸肽酶比活力。卤虫组的肠道发育情况最好,微绒毛长度显著大于其他各组(P0.05);黏膜厚度略小于F2组,但是没有显著性差异(P0.05);饲料组中F2组微绒毛长度和黏膜厚度都显著大于F1和F3组(P0.05)。研究表明,在微颗粒饲料中添加0.10%的精胺(F2组)对半滑舌鳎稚鱼肠道发育有促进作用。
To study the effects of spermine on the intestinal development of Cynoglossus semilaevis postlarvae, we se-lected the subject with initial length of about 2 cm and fed them with microdiets containing 0 (F1), 0.10%(F2), 0.33%(F3) of spermine and live Artemia (F4) for 28 days. The results showed that F4 group exhibited the highest growth and survival rates. The specific growth rate of F2 group was significantly higher than that of F1 and F3 groups (P 0.05). At day 28, the AP of fish fed with 0.10% spermine was significantly higher than other groups (P 0.05). F2 and F3 groups showed higher leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) specific activities than F1 and F4 groups at day 14 and 28 (P 0.05). F2 group showed the lowest leucine-alanine peptidase (leuala) specific activity at day 14 and 28 (P 0.05). Both the length of microvilli and the thickness of the mucosal layer in F2 were greater than those of F1 and F3 groups (P<0.05). These results suggested that 0.10%spermine in microdiet had positive eff

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