严歌苓小说蕴含着浓厚的悲剧感，这种悲剧感与她的苦难书写密切相关。她笔下大量的苦难书写是构成其作品厚重深刻特点的重要因素。其苦难书写的内容可以归纳为放逐之苦、离乱之苦、生存之苦和压迫之苦，从这四个方面展开分析，解读严歌苓对人类苦难处境的深切关怀。

Yan Ge-ling''s novel contains a strong tragic sense , which is closely related with her writing style of hu-man suffering.A lot of suffering narration is an important part and profound features of her works .This paper main-ly discusses the suffering narration of Yan Ge-ling from four aspects, i.e.exile, segregation, oppression and strug-gle of survival , to interpret her deeply concern for the plight of human .

莫言的小说展示了20世纪中国人所能遭受的苦难。为了充分表现苦难,莫言在叙事策略和叙事技巧的选择上独辟蹊径,以声音作为独特的叙述媒介,以映衬作为独特的叙述手法,以及对＂叙述者＂的灵活运用和叙述视角的灵活转换。他既继承了中国传统小说的艺术手法,又吸收了西方后现代主义小说的艺术技巧。莫言在苦难叙事中展现了时间与空间的特殊关系,创造了独特的时空体小说,在完整的时空体中展示了苦难的深度和广度,艺术效果上追求对社会历史的讽喻与否定。

Mo Yan’s novels depict the suffering of the Chinese people in the 20th century.To fully picture the suffering,Mo Yan has tried a new way in the choice of narrative strategies and narrative tech-niques through the use of sounds as a unique narrative medium,the antithesis as a special narrative mode as well as the flexible utilization of “narrators”and the nimble conversion of the narrative perspectives, which is both an inheritance of artistic techniques of traditional Chinese novels and an adoption of the art-istry of Western post-modern novels.In his narration of sufferings,Mo Yan has exhibited the special rela-tionship between time and space and has initiated the distinct temporal and spatial novel,thereby having demonstrated the depth and breadth of sufferings in the framework of entire time-and-space novels and pursued the allegory and denial of society and history in terms of artistic effects.

赫斯和马克思是生长在同一个时代和社会背景下有着相近思想兴趣的两个人,因为都有着对当时社会中人类苦难的特别关注与极度怜悯,而有了寻找苦难根源及寻求改变当时人类苦难之良方的志向,他们一生都在为人类的解放而奋斗;可以说"人道问题意识"是他们心头共同的用一生的行动探寻和思索的问题意识。如果再追问他们是如何探寻"人道问题"的,则发现他们一直在试图克服"受苦者的目光",即试图解决人的个体存在与类存在之间的矛盾。

Hess and Marx,grown in the same times and social background,had similar ideas and interests.Special concern and extreme compassion for human sufferings at that time made them aspire to find the root causes and ways out,and they spent all their lives in struggling for human liberation.It can be said that the consciousness of humanitarian problems was their lifetime common mind,which they had explored and thought about.On how they explored the “humanitarian problems”,they had been trying to overcome the gaze of the sufferer,attempting to solve the contradiction between individual existence and the existence of class.

严歌苓作品深刻揭示女性生存状态的艰难现实,着力描述女性在苦难压迫下的不幸遭遇和奋力抗争的艰辛与痛苦,充分展示女性丰富细腻的情感世界和历尽磨难的心路历程,深刻表现了女性多灾多难的悲惨命运,真实揭示了女性在受苦受难的过程中表现出坚强的生命意志和明智的抗争策略。尤其是很多女性在苦难中还能挺身而出,对同样处在困境中的弱者伸出救助之手,在救苦救难的过程中使自己的心灵得到净化,人性得到升华,这种慈悲为怀的人生境界,充分体现了苦难中的女性善良、坚韧和伟大的人格力量。

Yan Geling’s works deeply revealed the harshness of women’s living conditions by focusing on description of women’s struggling and suffering from the oppression of misfortune.Her works vividly displayed women’s rich and delicate emotional world, their mental experiences of all kinds of hardships, and their calamitous fates. Her works also revealed women’s strong life will and appropriate fighting strategies in their sufferings. Furthermore, so many women could step forward bravely from their suffering, while giving a hand for the weak also in harsh conditions. Through this , their soul could be purified and their nature sublimated. The lenience of life represented the kindness , tenacity and greatness of those women in suffering.

20世纪90年代以来,谢华的儿童文学作品得到了社会的广泛关注。她的创作从儿童身体和精神的双重苦难入手,刻画了当代儿童生存的迷茫、困惑与抗争,蕴含着浓厚的现实主义色彩。在写作中,谢华对儿童的弱势所倾注的情感,以及这些情感所引发的人性思考和反抗,丰富了其作品的意味。如何描写"苦难"是儿童文学关注的内容之一,而在谢华的作品中,书写成长、死亡和抗争无疑具有代表性和示范性。

Since 1990′s,Xie Hua′s works of children′s literature had obtained a lot of attention.From writing the body and the spiritu-al suffering of modern children,she built her creation,which contains a strong realistic color of confusion and resistance.In her writ-ing,Xie Hua pours her sentiments to children′s weakness and the sentiments motivate the readers′reflection of humanities and resist-ance with the rich connotation.How to write about the suffering is always an important part of children′s literature,and growth,death and resistance are typical and exemplary in her works.