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双语推荐：Carcinoma)

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Esophageal carcinoma is one of the most common human cancers in China. Radiotherapy plays an important role in combination therapy of esophageal carcinoma. With regret, there is still no unified standard for the treatment of esophageal carcinoma in China, and there are many controversies in the treatment regimens, indications, methods and efficacy. Clinically, the clinical practice guidelines of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) of the United States were often consulted, but the data of them were mainly from the patients from Europe and America, and they might not be applicable for Chinese patients. In order to standardize clinical process of radiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma in China, the Esophageal Carcinoma Cooperative Group of Radiation Oncology Society of Chinese Medical Association wrote a consensus and controversies on the radiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma (draft) after years of research and discussion. We hope it be tried out and discussed with advice and
Esophageal carcinoma is one of the most common human cancers in China. Radiotherapy plays an important role in combination therapy of esophageal carcinoma. With regret, there is still no unified standard for the treatment of esophageal carcinoma in China, and there are many controversies in the treatment regimens, indications, methods and efficacy. Clinically, the clinical practice guidelines of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) of the United States were often consulted, but the data of them were mainly from the patients from Europe and Amedce, and they might not be applicable for Chinese patients. In order to standardize clinical process of radiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma in China, the Esophageal Carcinoma Cooperative Group of Radiation Oncology Society of Chinese Medical Association wrote a consensus and controversies on the radiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma (draft) after yearn of research and discussion. We hope if be tded out and discussed with advice and v

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Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the larynx is rare, especially when coexisted with squamous cell carcinoma in situ. We report a 56-year-old woman with hoarseness for 6 months and dysphonia for a week. Fiberoptic laryngoscopic examination showed a red, smooth-surface swelling in the submucous region of the left ventricle and ventricular band of the larynx. The patient underwent vertical laryngectomy and modified left neck dissection. Postoperative pathologic examination revealed coexisting plasmacytoma and carcinoma in situ. Bone marrow biopsy and systemic radiogram showed no positive findings. The hepatic and renal functions were normal. Monoclonal immunoglobulin light chain of type kappa was detected in urine. Hence, a laryngeal extramedullary plasmacytoma with carcinoma in situ was diagnosed. No recurrence or progression was observed during a 2-year follow-up. Here, we discussed the risk factors, diagnosis, and therapy for this rare disease.
Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the larynx is rare, especially when coexisted with squamous cell carcinoma in situ. We report a 56-year-old woman with hoarseness for 6 months and dysphonia for a week. Fiberoptic laryngoscopic examination showed a red, smooth-surface swelling in the submucous region of the left ventricle and ventricuiar band of the larynx. The patient underwent vertical laryngectomy and modified left neck dissection. Postoperative pathologic examination revealed coexisting plasmacytoma and carcinoma in situ. Bone marrow biopsy and systemic radiogram showed no positive findings. The hepatic and renal functions were normal. Monoclonal immunoglobulin light chain of type kappa wes detected In urine. Hence, a laryngeal extramedullary plasmacytoma with carcinoma in situ was diagnosed. No recurrence or progression was observed during a 2-year follow-up. Here, we discussed the risk factors, diagnosis, and therapy for this rare disease.

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MicroRNA(miRNA)分子广泛参与调控机体细胞的增生、分化、代谢、凋亡等生理病理活动,通过各种复杂的机制调控肿瘤的发生和发展。近来研究发现,皮肤肿瘤中存在miRNA的异常表达,提示miRNA亦参与皮肤肿瘤的发生和发展过程,同时人们对二者的关系及其具体机制进行了研究。该文对基底细胞癌(basal cell carcinoma,BCC)、鳞状细胞癌(squamous cell carcinoma,SCC)、恶性黑素瘤(malignant melanoma,MM)miRNA研究进展作一概述。
MicroRNA molecules are widely involved in regulation of physiological and pathological events such as cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism and apoptosis, which regulates the tumorigenesis and development by a variety of complex mechanisms. Recent studies have found that there is abnormal miRNA expression in skin tumors, suggesting that miRNAs are also involved in skin tumor development process, meanwhile, the relationship between them and their speciifc mechanisms are studied. This article summarizes the current knowledge on miRNAs deregulation in three major skin cancer, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and malignant melanoma (MM).

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Recent evidence suggests that the chemokine axis of CXC chemokine ligand-12 and its receptor CXC chemokine receptor-4(CXCL12/CXCR4) is highly expressed in gynecological tumors and the axis of CXC chemokine ligand-16 and CXC chemokine receptor-6(CXCL16/CXCR6) is overexpressed in inflammation-associated tumors.This study aimed to determine the relationship between CXCL12/CXCR4,CXCL16/CXCR6 and ovarian carcinoma's clinicopathologic features and prognosis.Accordingly,the expression of these proteins in ovarian tissues was detected by tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry.The expressions of CXCL12/CXCR4 and CXCL16/CXCR6 were significantly higher in epithelial ovarian carcinomas than in normal epithelial ovarian tissues or benign epithelial ovarian tumors.The expression of chemokines CXCL12 and CXCL16 were positively correlated with their receptors CXCR4 and CXCR6 in ovarian carcinoma,respectively(r = 0.300,P 0.05;r = 0.395,P 0.05).Moreover,the expression of CXCL12 was related to the oc
Recent evidence suggests that the chemokine axis of CXC chemokine ligand-12 and its receptor CXC chemokine receptor-4 (CXCL12/CXCR4) is highly expressed in gynecological tumors and the axis of CXC chemokine ligand-16 and CXC chemokine receptor-6 (CXCL16/CXCR6) is overexpressed in inflammation-associated tumors. This study aimed to determine the relationship between CXCL12/CXCR4,CXCL16/CXCR6 and ovarian carcinoma''s clinicopathologic features and prognosis. Accordingly, the expression of these proteins in ovarian tissues was detected by tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry. The expressions of CXCL12/CXCR4 and CXCL16/CXCR6 were significantly higher in epithelial ovarian carcinomas than in normal epithelial ovarian tissues or benign epithelial ovarian tumors. The expression of chemokines CXCL12 and CXCL16 were positively correlated with their receptors CXCR4 and CXCR6 in ovarian carcinoma, respectively (r = 0.300, P < 0.05; r = 0.395, P <0.05). Moreover, the expression of CXCL12 was

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Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in men and women worldwide,with over a million deaths annually.Tobacco smoke is the major etiologic risk factor for lung cancer in current or previous smokers and has been strongly related to certain types of lung cancer,such as small cell lung carcinoma and squamous cell lung carcinoma.In recent years,there has been an increased incidence of lung adenocarcinoma.This change is strongly associated with changes in smoking behavior and cigarette design.Carcinogens present in tobacco products and their intermediate metabolites can activate multiple signaling pathways that contribute to lung cancer carcinogenesis.In this review,we summarize the smoking-activated signaling pathways involved in lung cancer.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in men and women worldwide, with over a million deaths annually. Tobacco smoke is the major etiologic risk factor for lung cancer in current or previous smokers and has been strongly related to certain types of lung cancer, such as small cell lung carcinoma and squamous cell lung carcinoma. In recent years, there has been an increased incidence of lung adenocarcinoma. This change is strongly associated with changes in smoking behavior and cigarette design. Carcinogens present in tobacco products and their intermediate metabolites can activate multiple signaling pathways that contribute to lung cancer carcinogenesis. In this review, we summarize the smoking-activated signaling pathways involved in lung cancer.

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化生性乳腺癌（ metaplastic breast carcinoma， MBC）是一种罕见的预后较差的具有明显异源性成分的乳腺癌类型。其特点为肿块平均直径较大，较少淋巴结受侵，组织学分级较高，并且激素受体和人类表皮生长因子受体2（ HER-2）阳性率较低。本文就近年来化生性乳腺癌在临床、病理、免疫组化、遗传学、诊断、治疗及预后等方面的特点作一综述。
Metaplastic breast carcinoma( MBC) is a rare and heterogeneous subtype of breast carcinoma with generally poor prognosis. MBC usually present with larger tumor, less nodal involvement, higher histological grade, and lack hormone and HER-2 re-ceptor expression. This review will describe the characteristics of clinical,histopathological,immunohistochemical,genetic, diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic in this generally poor prognosis malignancy.

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甲状腺髓样癌（ medullary thyroid carcinoma， MTC）为相对少见的恶性肿瘤之一，约占所有甲状腺癌的3％～5％，其组织来源为甲状腺滤泡旁细胞。 MTC细胞能够产生降钙素（ calcitonin）和其他具有内分泌活性的物质，其临床表现可有腹泻、潮红等类癌综合征或内分泌失调的表现，治疗上主张甲状腺全切除术，故不同于其他类型甲状腺癌。本文就MTC的外科治疗进展作一综述。
Medullary thyroid cancer ( MTC) derives from thyroid parafollicular cells in histology and is a relatively un-common malignant tumor, accounting for 3%~5%of all thyroid carcinomas.MTC cells can produce calcitonin and other endocrine active substances.The clinical manifestations may have diarrhea, flushing and other carcinoid syndrome or endo-crine disorders.Total thyroidectomy is recommended for treatment.So its clinical symptoms and treatments are different from other types of thyroid carcinoma.This article will review the progression in surgical treatment of MTC.

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INTRODUCTION Clinically, transarterial chemoembolization （TACE） has been most widely used for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）. Although TACE is an effective treatment for HCC, it carries several potential side effects such as hepatic failure, liver abscess, biliary tract injury, renal failure and tumor lysis syndrome （TLS） .
Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) results from a sudden and rapid release of nuclear and cytoplasmic degradation products from malignant cells. It is a rare complication in adult patients with solid tumors who are undergoing treatment. Herein, the authors present a case with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who developed TLS after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), which was successfully treated with aggressive fluid administration, oral allopurinol and urine alkalization, hemodialysis and other supportive therapies. TLS following TACE should be suspected in HCC patients who has large and rapidly-growing lesion.

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目的 评价超声造影在浸润性导管癌(infiltrating ductal carcinoma,IDC)和导管内癌(ductal carcinoma in situ,DCIS)中的鉴别诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析2009-05-26-2013-08-21江苏大学附属医院普外科及乳腺外科手术切除,并经病理学确诊的43例乳腺IDC和30例DCIS的彩色多普勒血流特征及超声造影血流动力学特征,找出差异有统计学意义的参数,并利用Logistic回归筛选出区别2种类型乳腺癌相关性较高的参数,由此建立Logistic回归方程.结果分析2种癌各项参数在造影前后差值的平均变化值后发现,收缩期峰值血流速度的差值(△vmax;t=3.383 4,P=0.009)和搏动指数的差值(△PI;t=6.745 4,P=0.032)差异有统计学意义.在造影参数中,峰值强度(t=8.246 3,P=0.018)和强度差值(t=9.637 5,P=0.025)差异有统计学意义.Logistic回归分析结果显示,最后进入方程的3个参数肿块强化方式(P=0.011)、△vmax(P=0.015)和峰值强度(P=0.025)与乳腺IDC有较高相关性.结论 超声造影对于乳腺肿瘤的血流动力学分析对于鉴别 IDC及DCIS有重要价值.
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the value of the differential diagnosis of breast infiltrative ductal carcinoma (IDC) and breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) through contrast enhanced ultrasonography.METHODS Totally 43 breast infiltrative ductal carcinoma cases and 30 breast ductal carcinoma in situ cases were enrolled from May 26th 2009 to August 21th 2013 and all the patients had operations in general surgery and breast surgery of the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University,after analysing the hemodynamic characteristics of color Doppler flow imaging and contrast enhanced ultrasonography of these cases respectively.The statistically significant parameters were identified and some of the parameters with high degree of correlation in differentiating the two kinds of breast tumors were chosen by Logistic regression analysis to establish a Logistic regression equation.RESULTS It was found that the systolic maxinum velocity changes △vmax (t =3.383 4,P =0.009) and pullsation index ch

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甲状腺髓样癌(medullary thyroid carcinoma,MTC)属于中等恶性程度的肿瘤.选取恰当的肿瘤标志物和相关基因对于确诊肿瘤的性质以及采取合适的手术治疗方式有重要的指导意义.本文复习有关文献,就MTC特异性标志物及相关基因方面的研究进行了归纳总结,希望对临床工作有所帮助.
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a kind of malignant tumor which belongs to the moderate degree.To select appropriate tumor markers and tumor-related genes is a significant guidance for diagnosing and choosing surgical treatment approach.In this article,we review and summarize the relevant literatures on specific markers and related genes of MTC,hoping to be helpful in clinical work.

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