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双语推荐：内在理由

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道德评价在人类生活中具有重要作用，但道德理性主义的盛行往往使得道德评价的复杂性没有得到充分重视。伯纳德·威廉斯提出的内在理由概念可以恰当地被理解为特别针对道德评价，对道德理性主义提出了一个重要挑战。面对对威廉斯的内在理由概念的某些重要批评，需要澄清和捍卫这个概念，在此基础上揭示它对于我们理解伦理生活的本质的一些含义。
It goes without saying that moral appraisal plays an important role in human life.However, with the prevalence of moral rationalism, the complexity of moral appraisal has not yet been fully appreciated as it should be.The notion of internal reasons advanced by Bernard Williams can be properly construed as putting forward a serious challenge to moral rationalism es-pecially by focusing on the issue of moral evaluation.This paper aims to clarify and defend Williams''notion of internal reasons against some leading critiques of it, and thereby uncovers some of its implications for our understanding of the very nature of ethical life.

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市场经济条件下,每个企业追求的目标与内在动力都是利润最大化,也是企业求生存、求发展的重要指标。通常建筑工程造价对建设单位来说就是投入,而相对施工单位来讲则是收入。建设单位为了降低造价,会相处千方百计的理由,而施工单位也会为了应付而想方设法增加工程造价,因此两者之间就有着一定的利益冲突。本文主要论述工程质量与工程造价的关系。
Under the condition of market economy, the goal for every enterprise and internal motivation is the profit maximization, but also an important index of enterprise survival, development. Usually the construction cost of the construction unit is the input, and the relative construction units concerned is income. Construction units in order to reduce the cost will make every attempt to get along for the construction unit, and also in order to cope with and try various devices to increase the project cost, so there is a conflict of interest between construction units. This paper mainly discusses the relationship between engineering quality and engineering cost.

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我国的公民道德教育长于灌输应该如何生活的理由,却拙于阐述"为何应该"。公民道德的反身价值是对"为何应该"的理性思考,也是公民道德教育必须予以重视的一般原理性问题。一个能对社会产生德性影响的公民一定是一个幸福、富有责任感的公民,而这样的公民也必然需要反身价值的支撑和保护。为此,学校道德教育需突显公民道德的反身价值,以此增强公民道德对公民的内在吸引力和对社会的精神导引力。
In our country,so far the civil morality education seems to be more inclined to indoctrinate people with“we should follow the moral conventions”than to enable them to understand“why we should do so”. The reflexive value of civil morality is the rational thinking of“why we should follow moral conventions”,and it is a basic problem that civil morality education has to resolve. A person who can generate moral influence on society must be a happy and responsible man,who also needs support and protection of reflexive value. Therefore,the school moral education should highlight the reflexive value of civil morality,which can strengthen the inherent attractiveness of civil morality and the spiritual guidance of society.

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汉娜·阿伦特同意对艾希曼的最终审判,但她怀疑审判本身的戏剧性。她反对把艾希曼当作替罪羊。《艾希曼在耶路撒冷》风格特异,观点鲜明,但是文本充满了内在矛盾,可见阿伦特对一场相当复杂的政治事件持一种异常复杂的矛盾情绪。艾希曼没有义务为集体犯罪承受死刑,而为他定罪的人们对于判处死刑的理由又语焉不详。其中矛盾重重,意见彼此冲突,以及死刑在复仇冲动和不同正义标准之间戏剧性地摇摆,引发纷争不断,莫衷一是。
Hannah Arendt expressed her consent to the final verdict of the Eichmann trial, but she had different ideas about the theatricality of the trial itself. She didn''t agree to scapegoat Eichmann. is unique in style and sharp in viewpoint, full of contradictions, from which it can be seen that Arendt is trying to formulate a position of considerable complexity and ambivalence. Eichmann should not be condemned to death forthe collective crime, and the trial judges showed less reasons for the death sentence than the conflicted and theatrical vacillation between vengeance and some other version of justice.

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临终关怀是对临终病人进行姑息性照护,而非治疗性照护,关注的是如何减少临终病人痛苦,不以延长生命为主要目的。现代人权理念的内在要求、社会契约论对弱势群体的当然保护、法的效益价值的现实体现,是临终关怀正当性的法理基础。临终关怀具有充分的宪法依据。临终关怀必须依法进行,以确保患者的权利不被剥夺。在刑法上,临终关怀属于"正当行为",但要防止以临终关怀为理由而实施的遗弃罪和不作为形式的故意杀人罪,同时防范其他犯罪。在民法上,要规范临终关怀的决定主体、实施条件和操作程序。
Hospice is a form of medical treatment which provide the patients with palliative care, rather than therapeutic care, and focused on how to reduce pain, rather than prolonging life . The inherent requirement of modern human rights idea, the properly protection for the vulnerable groups according to The Social Contract theory, and the beneficial value of law are the jurisprudence of hospice . Hospice has fully constitutional basis. Hospice must be operated legally in order to ensure the right of the patients. In criminal law, hospice belongs to ＂proper behavior＂, but we must prevent crimes of abandonment and the crime of homicide of negative form in the disguise of hospice, and prevent other crimes which maybe happened in the operation of hospice . In civil law, we should regulate decision subject , implement conditions and operating procedures of hospice.

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"留有余地判决"是法院和法官在审判中部分地屈从于外在的压力、违背自身内在的理性与良心,忽视法律定罪在案件事实认定和法律适用方面的严格要求,力图在法律的应然要求和现实的掣肘因素之间、在国家权力(或强势群体力量)和公民权利的冲突之间作出调和、妥协处理的一系列判决样态。虽然可以从法律社会学和法律经济学视角中找到这种实然选择的理由,但"留有余地判决"缺乏法理和法律规范的正当性支持。对"留有余地判决"及其错案的预防,应从明确事故责任主体、防止责任外化、转移、强化裁判者个体责任意识和能力等方面综合调控。
“Leaving room for verdict”has,in some degree,been a verdict mode for some j udges and courts dealing with some criminal cases.In these cases,j udges and courts succumb to external pressure,deviating from their intrinsic rationality and good faith,ignoring the strict law requirements of law conviction in fact-finding and applicable law,try to make a balance between “should be”and “actually is”,and reconcile the conflict between state power and civil rights.Although some real reasons,which come from the view of law-sociology and economics of law,can be found in this choice,“leaving room for verdict”can not be j ustified by j urisprudence and legal norms.To prevent from the mode of“leaving room for verdict”and its misj udged cases, we should keep focus on comprehensive regulation,such as clearly defining the main responsibility subj ects for the accident,preventing the responsibilities from being enlarged,weakened or transferred,and enhancing individual j udge’s sense

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