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双语推荐：叶色

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水稻叶色突变体是开展光合作用机理研究的理想材料,还可以作为标记性状在杂交水稻种子生产中发挥重要作用。转绿型叶色突变体是一种叶色突变后在一定条件下可恢复绿色的叶色突变类型,目前在水稻中已定位了至少36个转绿型叶色突变基因,其中有8个基因已被成功克隆。本文综述转绿型叶色突变体的主要类型和特征特性、基因定位与克隆、分子机理及其作为标记性状在育种上的应用情况,以期为水稻转绿型叶色突变体的研究与应用提供参考。
Rice leaf color mutants are ideal materials for studying the mechanism of photosynthesis; it also can be used as the marker trait plays an important role in hybrid rice seed production and purity identification. Green revertible leaf-color mutant is a kind of mutant that leaves could turn green under certain conditions. At present, at least 36 green revertible leaf-color mutant genes have been mapped to chromosomes; including 8 genes of them have been cloned successfully. Here, we review the types and characteristics, gene mapping and cloning, molecular mechanism of green revertible leaf-color mutants, and its breeding application as a marker trait, in order to provide reference for the future research and application of green revertible leaf-color mutants in rice.

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水稻叶色突变体是一类较易观察和获得的突变体,研究水稻叶色突变体基因进行定位有助于深入阐明叶色基因的调控机理,对水稻叶片光合遗传改良和产量提高具有重要的指导意义。因此,对于近年来有关水稻叶色突变体的分类来源、遗传机理以及基因定位等研究进展进行综述,并介绍了叶色突变体的分子机理及其在水稻中的应用,旨在为水稻叶色突变体的研究和利用奠定基础。
Rice leaf color mutant is a kind of mutant which is easier to observe and obtain .To fine map the gene controlling the leaf color mutant is benefit to elucidate the regulation mechanism of leaf color gene and genetic improvement of leaf photosynthesis and improve yield of rice .Accordingly ,recent research progress of rice leaf color mutations were reviewed including the types and sources of the leaf coloration mutant ,the genetic mecha-nism of gene mapping and cloning ,molecular mechanism of leaf color mutant and its application in rice was in-troduced ,it was the bases for researching and utilizing the rice leaf color mutation .

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水稻叶色突变体表型变异明显,易于观察、利用和鉴别.叶色相关基因在水稻叶绿体形成与发育、叶绿素代谢等过程中,具有极其重要的作用.目前,在水稻所有的染色体中都发现了控制叶色相关的基因.文章从叶绿素合成、降解、水稻叶色突变表型以及叶色变化的分子机制等方面阐述了水稻叶色突变形成的机制.
It''s easy to observe rice color mutations because of their obvious phenotypic variations .Leaf color related genes play an important role in the process of rice chloroplast formation and growth as well as chlorophyll metabolism .So far ,leaf color controlling genes are found in all chromosomes of rice .This review mainly presents the formation mechanism of rice leaf color from the synthesis and degradation of chlorophyll ,the phenotypic variations of rice leaf color and the molecular mechanism of leaf color changes .

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在调查关中地区春季色叶植物资源状况、观察其春季色叶性状的基础上,运用层次分析法对其观赏性进行了综合评价.结果表明,关中地区春色叶植物资源丰富,春季叶色有异于绿色的植物多达85种,观赏价值极高的17种,观赏价值高的23种,观赏价值较高的有22种,表明本地区此类植物的多样性.可为推广应用关中地区春色叶植物提供参考.
Spring color-leaved plant resources occurring in Guanzhong (central Shaanxi) were surveyed,properties of the color leaves were observed.Comprehensive evaluation was conducted on the ornamental values of the plants by the method of analytic hierarchy process (AHP).The results showed the local spring color-leaved plant resources were rich,85 species with color leaves were found,including 17 plants with the highest ornamental value,23 plants with high ornamental value,22 plants with ornamental value,23 plants with low ornamental value.The diversity of spring color-leaved plants in this area was greatly enriched.

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研究了4个不同叶色水稻品系孕穗期不同叶位叶片的光合和叶绿素荧光特性,结果表明:SPAD值最高的深叶色品系净光合速率并不是最高,说明叶绿素总量高其净光合速率并不一定最高;荧光参数在深叶色品系与浅叶色品系间差异也不显著;各品系间倒1叶净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Evap)均明显低于倒2叶;而胞间CO2浓度(Ci)基本维持不变,说明叶片Pn的变化主要不是气孔因素引起的。不同叶位叶绿素含量降低与Pn下降的表现一致,叶绿素荧光分析表明Fo、Fm、Fv/Fm和PI随叶位发生变化,而每个品系倒1叶的Fm均大于倒2叶,这表明孕穗期倒1叶PSⅡ电子传递的潜力强于倒2叶。不同叶色品系中,除沈农07015外,反映光合荧光参数中光合有活反应中心吸收(ABS/RC)、耗散(DIo/RC)的能量和用来还原QA的激发能(TRo/RC)均为倒1叶大于倒2叶,表明倒1叶有活性的反应中心剩余的耗能效率高于倒2叶。
Four rice genotypes w ith different leaf colors were examined at booting stage for investigating the photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence properties of different position leaves. The dark-green leaf rice genotype had the highest SPA D value, but not highest net photosynthetic rate (Pn), which suggested that the genotype with the highest chlorophyll content didn''t mean the highest Pn. There were no significant differences in fluorescence parameters between dark-green leaf color and light leaf color genotypes.The Pn, stomatal conductance (Gs) , transpiration rate (Evap) of the first leaf were significantly lower than that of the second leaf, while the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) had little change, which indicated that the decrease of Pn did not result from the decrease of Gs. The decrease of SPAD value that has a close correlation with chlorophyll content was one of the apparent reasons resulted in decease of Pn. Further evidence from chlorophyll fluorescence showed that

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对山西省6大气候区主要公园绿地和交通干道绿化中运用的彩叶树种进行调查和分析,调查内容包括植物种类、色叶时期、色系类型。结果表明:(1)山西省彩叶树种共69种,分属29属,23科;其中,以槭树科、蔷薇科、漆树科种类居多。其中,春色叶植物6种,秋色叶41种、常色叶22种;分别占总彩叶树种的8.7%,59.4%和31.9%。(2)以晋城、晋中和太原代表的温暖气候带彩叶树种应用最多,以大同为代表的温寒气候带彩叶树种最少。(3)山西省共有红色系彩叶树种44种,占彩叶树种的66%;黄色系树种占彩叶树种的25%,它色彩叶树种仅占9%。
The species,ornamental period and leaf color series of color-leafed trees utilized in horticulture within 6 climatic regions of Shanxi were surveyed.The result showed that 1 )there were 69 species which be-longed to 29 genus and 23 families.And most of them were from Aceraceae ,Rosaceae and Anacardiaceae .There were 6 spring color leaf species,41 autumn color leaf species and 22 regular-color leaf species which accounted for 8.7%,59.4% and 31.9% respectively;2)the species from warm temperate zone were the most and it was the least for cold temperate zone;3)there were 44 species of red-leaf trees (accounted for 66%)and the species of yellow-leaf trees and other accounted for 25% and 9% respectively.

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成都为亚热带季风气候，原生植被类型为亚热带常绿阔叶林。城区植被以暗绿色为主。本文运用树木叶片成色机理，分析了成都色叶树成色不理想的原因，提出了加强色叶树种引种、育种、合理配置等的对策。
Chengdu has a subtropical monsoon climate, and the native vegetation type is subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest. Urban vegetation gives priority with dark green. In this article, the author use the mechanism of trees leaf color and analyzes the reasons that the unsatisfactory color of color leaf tree and put forward the countermeasures to strengthen color leaf species introduction, breeding, and the rational allocation, etc.

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‘宿亚当’是以‘亚当为母本的实生单株。树势较开张。1年生枝紫褐色,幼叶紫红色,成熟叶浓绿色。花蕾紫红色,花朵紫红色。果实长圆形,底色绿色,果面盖色红色。观赏价值高,适合作为观赏木本植物新品种推广种植。
‘Suyadang’is a new cultivar of crabapple ( Malus‘Adams’) ,and has been which is selected from the progeny of‘Adams’. The cultivar has open tree crown. One year old branch is purple-brown,young leaves is purple-red and mature leaves is deeper green. Buds and petals are purple-red. The fruit is oblate and it has green background and red cover. The cultivar has high ornamental value. It is suitable to be popularized as a new cultivar of ornamental woody plants.

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[目的]为了探索彩叶植物的叶色表达与色素的关系。[方法]对6种植物叶片用‘英国皇家园艺协会比色卡’进行比色，并分别测定了6种植物叶片中的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和花青素含量，比较了6种植物叶片叶色类型、色素种类、含量以及分布状况。[结果]叶绿素含量的排序为：加杨（绿叶）﹥中红杨（紫绿叶）﹥全红杨（红叶）；青枫（绿叶）﹥紫叶枫（紫红叶）﹥红枫（红叶），而花青素含量的排序正好相反，叶绿素含量与花青素含量呈负相关。植物叶色是由多种色素共同作用的结果，叶绿素越多叶片越绿，花青素越多叶片越红。彩叶植物叶绿素含量占80%左右，类胡萝卜素占17%左右，花青素占3%左右，彩叶植物与绿叶植物的叶绿素含量有差异，但不至于影响其正常的生命活动。[结论]以期为彩叶植物的生产与园林应用提供参考依据。
Objective] In this study, the relationship between the pigments and the color expression of leaves of colored-leaf plants was discussed. [Method] The colors of leaf blades of 6 kinds of plants were analyzed with the Royal Horticultural Soci-ety Colour Chart. The chlorophyl content, carotenoids content and anthocyanin con-tent in leaf blades were determined. In addition, the color types of leaf blades, kinds of pigments, pigment contents and pigment distributions of 6 kinds of plants were compared. [Result] The chlorophyl contents ranked as Populus canadensis Moench (green leaves) > Populus deltoids cv. Zhonghuahongye (purple green leaves) > Populus euramericana cv. Quanhong (red leaves); Acer palmatum Thunb. (green leaves) > Acer palmatum cv. Atropurpureum (purple red leaves) > Acer pal-matum Thunb. cv. Atropurpureum (red leaves). The ranking of anthocyanin contents was just opposite. The chlorophyl content was negatively related to the anthocyanin content. The leaf color of

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作物叶片叶绿素含量与叶片光合能力密切相关,能影响农作物的产量。本研究通过EMS诱变甘蓝型油菜中双11,单株收获诱变后第一代并通过诱变后第二代大量筛选鉴定获得油菜叶片叶色稳定突变种质资源62份,分析了筛选获得的叶片叶色突变体的遗传分离比和测定了相关突变体的叶片叶绿素含量。结果显示,获得的突变体按照叶色分成五类,叶色深浅与其叶绿素含量相一致;突变株系60%由多位点突变导致,37%由少数位点突变导致;24%突变株系叶绿素含量明显高于对照,76%的叶绿素含量约低于对照;叶绿素含量低的突变株系中,70%的突变株系叶绿素b的改变程度大于叶绿素a,30%的突变株系叶绿素a的改变程度大于叶绿素b。这些叶色稳定突变体的获得为将来遗传基础研究以及作为种质资源培育高光效油菜新品种奠定材料基础。
Chlorophyll content, regarding to leaf photosynthetic capacity, is one of the major factors contributed to the crop yields. The regulatory mechanism underlying chlorophyll metabolism still remains elusive. In this study, sixty two mutant lines (referred to as ccm according to the chlorophyll content mutant) in term of leaf color were isolated from a mutantgenesis screening. Genetic analysis revealed that there were 62 locus attributed to 5 different degree of colorless phenotype in consistent to the chlorophyll contents. Analysis of genetic separation ratio showed that the phenotype of 36 ccm lines was caused by numerous mutations, whereas, that of other 24 lines were resulted from 1 to 2 mutations in various loci. Furthermore, our results also demonstrated that a higher chlorophyll content was significantly accumulated in 15 ccm lines than that in control leaves. In contrast, less chlorophyll contents were observed in 57 lines in comparable of the control, out of which 40 li

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