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双语推荐：白色脂肪

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肥胖在发达国家和发展中国家广泛流行,成为世界性公共卫生问题.寻找安全、有效的措施拮抗肥胖形成已势在必行.近年来的研究证实了成年人体内存在功能性褐色脂肪组织,但是其活性却呈现随年龄增加而递减的趋势.与褐色脂肪组织不同,白色脂肪组织人体内分布广泛.最近的研究证实白色脂肪组织具有很强的可塑性,在特定情况下能够呈现褐色脂肪表型、获得褐色脂肪的产热活性,并证实某些信号因子以及某些植物化学物可介导白色脂肪组织褐变.
Obesity is a public health problem worldwide, and deserves urgent attention in healthcare sectors. Recent studies show that there are active brown adipose tissues in human adults, but their mass and activities will decrease with aging. In contrast, white adipose tissues are distributed widely in the body. Most importantly, there has been great advancement in studying the function of white adipose tissue. The recent finding suggests that white adipose tissue has strong plasticity, and can get brown phenotype and possess capacity of thermogenesis under some conditions. Besides, some signal factors and phytochemicals are found to be able to mediate the browning of white adipose tissue. In the article, the breakthroughs concerned are reviewed with a view of providing some practical insights for obesity treatment and control.

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白色脂肪棕色(米色)化有望成为未来糖尿病等代谢性疾病治疗一种可能的新方式.本文就棕色脂肪细胞的特点、以及白色脂肪棕色化过程中主要转录因子、刺激因子及可能机制和研究方向进行概述.
Browning of white adipose tissue(WAT) is expected to become a possible new therapeutic means for diabetes mellitus and other metabolic diseases in future,because brown adipose tissue (BAT) has attracted scientific interest as an anti-diabetic tissue owning to its ability to dissipate energy as heat.In this article,we reviewed the characteristics of brown fat cells,the major transcription factor and the stimulating factor during browning of WAT,as well as their potential mechanisms and research directions.

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近年,对脂肪组织的起源、分化、作用及调节的认识有了新的进展.体内的白色脂肪组织负责储存能量并分泌一些脂肪因子参与各种代谢性疾病的发生,而棕色脂肪组织主要负责产热和消耗能量.因此,“白色脂肪棕色化”对肥胖及许多相关疾病有着巨大的治疗潜力,可为这些疾病的治疗提供新的选择.“白色脂肪棕色化”这一过程受多种因素调控,如多种转录调节剂、蛋白质和激素等,因此未来可通过干预这些调控因素来研究相关疾病的新治疗方法.
Recently,great progress has been achieved in the understanding of the origin,differentiation,function,and regulation of adipose tissue.While white adipose tissue in the body is responsible for storing energy and secreting adipocytokines which involved in various metabolic diseases,brown adipose tissue is mainly responsible for producing heat and energy consumption.So ‘browning of white adipose tissue’ has great potential to be used in the treatment of obesity and many related diseases,which can provide new options for the treatment of these diseases in the future.The process of ‘browning of white adipose tissue’ is regulated by many factors,such as a variety of transcriptional regulators,proteins and hormones,so new intervention method may be achieved by targeting these regulatory factors.

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目的：探讨超高场强磁共振氢质子波谱（ hydrogen MR spectroscopy ，1 H-MRS）在全面评价ob/ob鼠及野生对照组小鼠白色脂肪组织和棕色脂肪脂质成分中的作用。方法：运用整体和单体素1 H-MRS方法对ob/ob及野生对照鼠进行活体波谱分析，整体1 H-MRS波谱定量全身脂质；单体素波谱计算白色和棕色脂肪的脂质含量，饱和及不饱和脂肪酸、双不饱和脂肪酸的相对含量及多聚不饱和程度。结果：整体1 H-MRS结果显示ob/ob鼠全身脂质含量显著高于野生型对照组，单体素1 H-MRS显示ob/ob鼠棕色脂肪脂质含量显著高于野生对照组，而两组鼠白色脂肪脂质含量的差异无统计学意义，ob/ob鼠白色脂肪的双不饱和脂肪酸及多聚不饱和程度均低于野生对照组。结论：1 H-MRS不仅可以定量白色和棕色脂肪的脂质含量，还可以分析其脂质成分。
Objective: To evaluate hydrogen MR spectroscopy ( 1 H-MRS ) in estimating lipid content of whole body and measuring fat content in white and brown adipose tissue ( WAT and BAT ) of obese and normal mice in vivo.Methods:A single pulse 1 H-MRS and a localized proton 1 H-MRS were performed to measure the triglyceride from the whole body and the lipid contents in WAT and BAT of six ob/ob and six wild type(WT) mice using 7T micro-MR scanner . Fractions of unsaturated fatty acids ( FU ) , diunsaturated fatty acids ( FDU ) and polyunsaturation degree ( PUD) in WAT and BAT were calculated by using MRS .Independent-sample t test was performed in comparison .Results:In vivo total body spectroscopy showed the liquid lipid accumulation degree on the whole body in ob/ob mice was significantly higher than that of controls ( P 0.05).PUD value and FDU of WAT inob/ob mice were significantly lower than those of WT mice ( P 0.05).Conclusion: 1H-MRS is efficient method in fat quantification at 7.0 T MR.In

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动物脂肪组织是机体重要的器官,主要负责能量的储存和代谢,同时分泌多种脂肪细胞因子（adipokines）参与机体生理功能的调控。脂肪组织的功能紊乱与人类的肥胖病、糖尿病以及代谢综合症密切相关,多年以来动物脂肪组织的细胞分化起源一直是研究的热点。白色脂肪、棕色脂肪和肌肉组织都来源于机体的间充质干细胞（mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs）,长期以来,人们一直以为白色脂肪和棕色脂肪的分化起源更加亲近,但随着对棕色脂肪分化机制的深入研究,发现白色脂肪和棕色脂肪在早期发育阶段有着不同的前体细胞,而棕色脂肪组织与肌肉组织的分化支系更加亲近。以往的脂肪分化研究往往利用基质血管组分（stromal vascular fractions,SVF）或肌卫星细胞等混合细胞群作为实验材料,随着流式细胞仪、转基因动物模型和干细胞表面标志抗原识别等技术的发展,使我们可以从这样的混合细胞群中分离得到纯的前体脂肪细胞系,从而提示我们之前的研究可能过高的估计了这样的混合细胞群体的活体分化潜能。进一步深入研究动物脂肪组织的分化起源,有助于我们理解机体脂肪沉积的具体机制,从而为治疗脂肪代谢相关疾病以及提高动物肉品品质提供理论依据。
Adipose is an important organ,and it is responsible for the storage and metabolism of energy as well as it participates the regulation of numerous physiological functions by secreting adipokines.Obesi-ty,diabetes and lots of metabolic syndromes are connected with the dysfunction of adipose,and the differ-entiation origin of adipose are always research hotpots in recent years.White adipose,brown adipose and skeletal muscle are all derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).For a long time,white adipose and brown adipose are thought to be more close in differentiation origin,but more studies show that white adi-pose and brown adipose process different pre-adipocytes in early development stages,and the differentia-tion origin of brown adipose and skeletal muscle are more close.We used to use stromal vascular fractions (SVF)and muscle satellite cells as materials in study of adipose differentiation,now it is possible to isolate and purify the preadipocytes from these mixed cell p

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目的：研究BAMBI基因在小鼠不同脂肪组织发育过程中的表达规律。方法利用RT-qPCR及Western blot技术检测BAMBI基因在小鼠不同类型脂肪组织、不同发育阶段（胚胎第18天、出生第0天、第21天、第8周和第6个月）及原代前体脂肪细胞分化过程中（分化第0、3、7、11天）的差异表达情况。结果随着脂肪组织的发育，BAMBI mRNA及蛋白的表达量逐渐降低；在发育的同一时间段，BAMBI mRNA在内脏白色脂肪组织较皮下白色脂肪组织表达量高，在棕色脂肪组织中表达量最低；在小鼠前体脂肪细胞诱导分化过程中，BAMBI mRNA表达量呈时间依赖性降低。结论提示BAMBI的差异表达规律与脂肪组织类型、发育阶段以及脂肪细胞分化程度密切相关，其在脂肪组织发育过程中起着重要的作用。
Objective To investigate the expression profiles of bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI) during the development of mouse adipose tissue. Methods The total RNA was extracted for real-time PCR for amplification of BAMBI mRNA from the suprascapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) and subcutaneous (inguinal) and visceral (gonadal) white adipose tissue (sWAT and vWAT, respectively) of mice at various embryonic and postnatal stages, as well as from isolated primary preadipocytes during differentiation. Results In BAT, BAMBI mRNA levels exhibited a transient increase, peaking at day 0 (D0) and declined thereafter. sWAT and vWAT could be isolated from mice from postnatal D21 onwards, in which BAMBI mRNA levels were the highest and decreased at 8 weeks and 6 months. BAMBI mRNA levels were also significantly reduced in primary preadipocytes isolated from vWAT after induced differentiation. BAMBI mRNA expression level was higher in vWAT than in sWAT and BAT

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脂肪肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)主要存在于白色脂肪组织,表达RAAS的所有成分,具有独立调节功能.游离脂肪酸增多可使脂肪RAAS过度激活,脂肪RAAS中活性成分血管紧张素Ⅱ及醛固酮可导致脂肪细胞异常分化、脂代谢异常、胰岛素敏感性下降、炎性反应加重,从而参与肥胖及其相关疾病的发生、发展.下调过度激活的脂肪RAAS可能是治疗肥胖及其相关代谢性和炎性反应性疾病的新靶点.
Adipose rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) mainly located in the white adipose tissue,it expresses all the ingredients of RAAS and takes autonomic regulation.The increase of free fatty acids may trigger the inappropriate activation of adipose RAAS.As the active ingredients of adipose RAAS,angiotensin Ⅱ and aldosterone result in the abnormal adipocyte differentiation,abnormal lipid metabolism,declining insulin sensitivity and increasing inflammation so as to play roles in the occurrence and development of obesity and its related diseases.Interference with inappropriate activation of adipose RAAS may be a new therapeutic target for obesity and its related metabolic and inflammatory disease.

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目的 探讨脂肪间充质干细胞的分离培养方法,观察其生物学特性及成骨分化潜能.方法 将成年日本大耳白兔的腹股沟白色脂肪组织分离取出,通过1％Ⅰ型胶原酶消化逐步提取脂肪间充质干细胞,待细胞融合约80％时传代,定期用倒置显微镜观察细胞间充质干细胞的超微结构、表面分子标志表达,收集第3、5、10、15代细胞,描绘其生长曲线,加入成骨诱导培养液进行诱导分化并观察.结果 脂肪间充质干细胞各代的生长曲线无明显差异,均成“S”形.Gomori萘酚磷酸酯法染色显示其胞质内富含碱性磷酸酶颗粒、Von Kossa染色显示聚集的细胞团能形成矿化结节.脂肪间充质干细胞表面标志检测结果为:CD29和CD44阳性,CD34和CD45阴性.结论 脂肪间充质干细胞来源广泛、含量丰富、生物学性能稳定,具有成骨分化潜能.
Objective To investigate the isolation and culture of adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) and observe the biological characteristics and osteogenic differentiation potential of ADSCs.Methods The white adipose tissue was obtained from the inguinal fat pads of adult Japanese white rabbits,and digested with type Ⅰ collagenase.Primary ADSCs were passaged and cultured when the cells were about 80％ confluent.The ultrastructure and surface marker expression of ADSCs were observed under the inverted microscopy.The growth curve was made from the 3rd,5th,10th,and 15th generations of cells.The possibility of inducing ADSCs to osteogenesis in specific differentiation medium was observed.Results The growth curves of generations of cells had no significant diffenence,which displayed reversed S-shaped.Gomori and Von Kossa staining demonstrated postitive expression of ALP and formation of mineralized nods in extracellular matrix.The cultured ADSCs were positive for CD29 and CD44,and nega

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以致病性大肠杆菌( Escherichia coli) O157:H7和白色念珠菌( Candida albicans)为供试菌,测定10种饱和脂肪酸、6种不饱和脂肪酸、9种单脂肪酸甘油酯、2种脂肪酸甲酯、3种脂肪酸乙酯和4种脂肪醇的抑菌活性.结果表明:中链饱和脂肪酸及其单脂肪酸甘油酯以及长链不饱和脂肪酸的抑菌活性较强,脂肪醇次之,长链饱和脂肪酸、脂肪酸甲酯以及乙酯的抑菌效果较弱,其中,脂肪酸乙酯的抑菌效果优于脂肪酸甲酯.说明脂肪酸碳链的长度,不饱和脂肪酸双键数目、双键位置以及取代基团种类是影响脂肪酸及其衍生物抑菌活性的重要因素.
@@@@ethanol and Tween‐80 were 1 .5% , respectively ) and then were filter‐sterilized using a 0 .22 μm pore size membrane filter . Ethanol and Tween‐80 controls were used for each experiment to ensure that any observed inhibition was not due to them . Antibiotics were dissolved in 1 .5% ethanol and tween‐80 used as positive controls . The respective broths which contained 0 .015 , 0 .007 5 mol/L fatty acids and their derivatives were inoculated with approximately 1 .0 × 105‐5 .0 × 105 CFU/mL of active cultures , then they were incubated for 24 h at the optimum temperature . Samples ( 100 μL ) were removed and immediately diluted 10‐fold in sterile physiological saline . The number of viable microorganisms was determined through a standard plate count technique . All the tested medium‐chain fatty acids (C8‐12) and their corresponding chain monoacylglycerols , long‐chain unsaturated fatty acids ( >C12) showed more antimicrobial activities than fatty alcohols . Long

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Irisin是一种新发现的由骨骼肌分泌的因子.最新研究证实,Irisin是联系骨骼肌和其他组织的桥梁,对能量的稳态及代谢平衡起重要作用.Irisin可以促进白色脂肪组织棕色化,增加能量消耗,改善胰岛素抵抗.实验证明多种与能量代谢有关的因素,如运动、体重指数等,都可以影响受试者血清Irisin的水平.推测Irisin将可能成为代谢性疾病,尤其是与运动相关的代谢性疾病治疗的新方向.
Irisin is a newly discovered cytokine secreted by skeletal muscle.Latest studies have confirmed that Irisin is a bridge regarding the interactions between skeletal muscle and other tissues,and plays an important role in energy homeostasis and metabolic balance.Irisin can contribute to the brown-fat-like conversion of white adipose tissues,increase energy consumption,and ameliorate insulin resistance.Many experiments have verified that many factors related to energy metabolism,such as exercise and body mass index,can affect serum Irisin.It suggests that Irisin might become a new target for treatment of metabolic disease,especially the diseases related to exercise.

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