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双语推荐：相对论效应

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相对论效应是相对论中存在而牛顿力学中不存在的，但为什么会产生这种差异？两种理论的什么不同导致了这种区别，它和牛顿力学的适用条件有何关系？已知牛顿力学有适用条件，那么相对论有适用条件吗？如何研究相对论的适用条件？相对论的适用条件是什么？本文详细讨论了上述问题，通过分析和建模给出了产生相对论效应的物理原因，提出了研究相对论适用条件的3种方法，并应用这些方法得到了2个相对论的适用条件，解释了一些历史遗留的问题。
Relativistic effects exist in the theory of relativity,but not in Newtonian mechanics. What’s leading to this distinction of the two theories?What’s the relationship between this distinction and the applicable conditions of Newtonian mechanics?Does Relativity have applicable conditions?How to research the applicable conditions of relativity?What’s the applicable condition of relativity?This paper discusses these issues through analysis and modeling,gets the physical causes of forming relativistic effects,and proposes three researching methods of relativistic applicable conditions. Two applicable conditions of relativity have been obtained by these methods and explain some difficult problems handed down in physics.

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本文以相对论长度收缩效应为基础，分析计算了“特种杆”从静止加速到匀速运动状态时的长度变化，得出了静止长度变长的结论。再以相对论效应的普适性为由，将此结论推广到普通物体。文章进一步解释了历史上的贝尔飞船悖论，分析论证了相对论长度变化对长度测量的影响，通过设计思想实验，对相对论提出了质疑。
In this paper, based on the analysis of the relativistic length contraction effect, we have calculated the change in length of a special stick accelerating from zero to the state of uniform motion. The conclusion is that the rest length becomes longer. Furthermore, it explains the paradox of the Bell''s spaceship discussed in past years. Further analysis of the change of relativistic length demonstrates the impact of the length measurement through a thought experiment, then the theory of relativity is questioned.

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本文利用相对论原理，针对GPS时间系统的误差进行了广义与狭义相对论两方面的分析，同时分析了萨格纳克效应对 GPS时间系统造成的误差，并提出了校准补偿的方法。
By using the theory of relativity, general relativity and special relativity have been analyzed with a focus on the errors of GPS Time. Based on the analysis of errors caused by Sagnac Effect, the method of calibration compensation has been put forward.

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深空探测时间同步过程中由于大范围时空转移引起的时钟测量相对论效应误差不可忽视。研究了普遍类型的地球轨道卫星以及太阳系行星探测器与地面时钟的同步与转移，分析计算了星载时钟测量相对论效应的误差组成和量级，验证了频率调整法和实时补偿法消除相对论误差的有效性。提出在星载时钟频率调整分辨率不足时，可采取定步长、带误差限的时钟频率调整或“跳秒”的形式控制时钟测量相对论效应长期误差，提出在无法实时获得航天器位置和速度时，根据互相关法估计周期误差模型。仿真验证了这些方法的有效性，并为火星探测过程中时钟与地面时间同步提供了方案。
A wide range of temporal and spatial relativistic transformation induces clock measurement error in the satellite’s clock synchronizing of deep space exploration.The components and magnitudes of various rela-tivistic effects of space-borne clocks on common Earth-orbiting satellites and interplanetary probes are derived. It is confirmed useful to eliminate secular relativistic effects by clock frequency adjusting,and reduce periodic relativistic effects by real-time compensating.An interval frequency adjustment with error-restrict and a leap seconds method are adopted to restrict secular relativistic effect errors when the clocks lack frequency resolu-tion.A cross correlation function is used to evaluate periodic errors when it is impossible to get the real-time po-sition and velocity.The simulations show that the proposed error eliminating methods are effective,which could be used to provide solutions to improve clock synchronization of Mars exploration.

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本文结合经典力学、量子论以及相对论相关知识,对光电效应和康普顿效应相关知识进行探讨,并对光电效应和康普顿效应的统一性和差异差异性进行了认真的分析。
In this paper, combined with the classical mechanics, quantum theory and relativity theory knowledge, the photoelectric effect and the compton effect is discussed and relevant knowledge, unity and difference on the photoelectric effect and Compton effect differences were analyzed carefully.

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为了研究相对论性朗缪尔孤子的特性，对从动力论出发所获得的超强等离子体中相对论性强朗缪尔湍动控制方程组进行了理论分析。结果表明，随着电子的平均洛伦兹因子以及场的湍动参量增加，朗缪尔孤子的波包半宽变窄，孤子总能量和总动量相应地增大，且电子的相对论效应对孤子总能量和动量的非线性部分的影响远大于线性部分。该研究可为超强激光等离子体中相关的非线性现象提供新的理论参考。
In order to study the characteristics of relativistic Langmuir solitons , the control equations of relativistic strong Langmuir turbulence in ultrapowerful laser plasma were obtained from momentum theory .And then, theoretical analysis was made .The research shows that half-width of wave-packet will become narrower and the total energy and momentum of solitons will become bigger with the increasing of average Lorentz factor of electrons and turbulence parameter of field.The relativistic effect of electrons affects the total energy and momentum of the solitons much larger in the nonlinear part than in the linear part .The results will provide the theoretical reference on the nonlinear phenomenon in ultrapowerful laser plasma.

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使用内收缩多参考组态相互作用方法和相关一致基aug-cc-pVnZ （n ＝Q，5）对BeO分子的光谱性质开展研究。计算了BeO分子X1Σ＋， a3Π和b3Σ＋态的势能曲线，并将3个态的能量外推至完全基组极限。对分子能量进行相对论效应及核价相关效应修正计算。相对论修正计算采用cc-pV5 Z相对论收缩基，核价相关修正计算使用的基组是aug-cc-pCVQZ基。拟合能量修正的外推势能曲线，得到3个态的光谱常数（ Te ， Re ，ωe，ωexe， Be，αe和De）。这些结果与实验结果符合很好。详细讨论了基组、核价相关修正和相对论修正对BeO分子的能量及光谱常数的影响。通过求解双原子分子核运动的振－转Schr?dinger方程，找到了J ＝0时BeO分子3个态的全部振动态及与每一振动态对应的振动能级和惯性转动常数等分子常数。它们与实验结果一致。
The highly accurate internally contracted multireference configuration interaction method with the David -son modification (MRCI+Q) was employed to calculate the potential energy curves (PECs) of the X1Σ+, a3Πand b3Σ+electronic states of the BeO molecule.The Dunning’s correlation-consistent basis sets, aug-cc-pV5Z and aug-cc-pVQZ, were used.The effects on the PEC by the core-valence correlation and relativistic corrections were taken into account .The relativistic correction calculations were made using the third-order Douglas-Kroll Hamiltonian approxima-tion at the level of a cc-pV5Z-DK basis set.The core-valence correlation corrections were calculated with an aug-cc-pCVQZ basis set.With the PECs obtained, the spectroscopic parameters (Te, Re,ωe,ωexe, Be,αe and De) of each state were determined .On the whole , the most accurate spectroscopic parameters of BeO molecule were determined . Based on these PECs , the whole vibrational states of each state of the non-rotatin

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本文采用全相对论量子力学计算了H2 X (X=O, S, Se, Te)分子的双光子过程,并考虑相对论效应对双光子过程的影响。结果表明,各个不可约表示对称态下激发能有着明显的差异,它反应了双光子吸收过程中选择能级的特点。同时,采用非相对论的对称匹配簇/组态相互作用方法(SAC-CI)计算其分子的单光子激发,并与之比较。双光子跃迁概率要比单光子跃迁概率小2-5个数量级；同一主族,随着原子序数的增加,相对论效应对分子体系的激发能量、跃迁概率、振子强度的大小都有显著地影响；除此之外,每个分子遵守分子对称群的选择原则。本文中,分子H2X (X=O, S, Se, Te)的个别不可约表示对称态的跃迁矩分量和振子强度远远大于其他对称态下的跃迁矩分量和振子强度,甚至大于单光子激发。这不仅与分子的对称性有一定的关系,而且应该是选择双光子跃迁能级的重要依据。
The present work is mainly to study two-photon process in H2X (X =O, S, Se, Te) by using the full relativistic theory. For comparison, we also study the single-photon process by SAC-CI method. The transition probability of two-photon excitation is 10?2-10?5 times of the single-photon process; the relativistic effects become more and more obvious with the increase of atomic number. In addition, every molecule observes the selection principles;dipole transition component and oscillator strength of individual symmetrical states are greater than those of other individual states. This is due to the symmetry of molecule and it should be an important basis for selecting transition energy.

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致密天体(白矮星和中子星)内部的电子气体是简并的费米系统,它们的零点费米动能远大于热运动动能.根据零点费米能与电子静止能的比较可区分为非相对论和相对论两种情况,按电子拉莫尔轨道动能与零点费米能的比较又可区分为强和超强两种外磁场作用情况.本文研究了电子费米系统在超强磁场作用下的磁化问题,发现在非相对论和相对论两种情况中的磁化都呈现出de Haas-van Alphen震荡效应,但微分磁化率难以大于临界值1,说明在超强磁场下的电子气体难以发生Condon磁相变,只有当电子占据刚好填满第一朗道量子能级时,微分磁化率才能大于一.
The dense electron gases inside condensed ob ject (including white dwarf and neutron star) are Fermi systems with high degenerate.The Fermi energy at zero temperature is more larger than thermo kinetic energy.According to the difference between the Fermi energy and the rest energy of electron,electron gas is considered as either no-relativistic or relativistic.The difference between the rest energy and the cyclotron energy can distinguish the magnetic field which is either strong or super-strong.In this paper,we study the magnetization of degenerate electron gas under super-strong magnetic field.We found that the magnetiza-tion under super-strong magnetic field is oscillated just like de Haas-van Alphen oscillation.The differential susceptibility is smaller than 1 and the Condon magnetic phase transition does not take place except at the condition when electrons fill up the first Landau level.

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采用广义平均能级EAL模型和相对论量子力学GRASP2程序,考虑到核的有限体积效应、磁场效应、Breit和QED效应等修正,系统地计算了Al、Ti、Cu、Mo和Au类氦离子光谱跃迁的跃迁波长、跃迁几率和振子强度,所得结果和实验数据及其它计算值进行了比较.计算结果表明:在ICF和MCF高温激光等离子体中,类氦离子光谱的跃迁几率过程不能被忽视,可用来诊断稠密等离子体的磁场效应.
A fully relativistic multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock method with Breit and QED corrections was used to calculate transition energy level separations, transition probabilities and oscillator strengths for the He-like Al, Ti, Cu, Mo and Au ions. In calculation, the significant magnetic field effects and Breit and QED corrections were considered. The results were compared with recent experimental data and other theoretical values. The results show that the electric transition probabilities were significant and can not be ignored in the laser plasma of high temperature in ICF and MCF Fusion.

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