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双语推荐：DNTF

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针对现有研究未对以3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱(DNTF)为基的炸药金属加速做功能力及状态方程进行研究和表征的问题,对DNTF/HMX炸药金属加速做功能力及其JWL状态方程进行研究。采用圆筒试验得到DNTF/HMX炸药的比动能和格尼系数的变化规律,并与Octol(HMX/TNT75:25)炸药进行了对比,同时采用解析法和Autodyn仿真获得了DNTF/HMX炸药的JWL状态方程。试验和仿真结果表明:DNTF可较大幅度地提高炸药的金属加速能力,格尼系数与Octol炸药提高了约5.5%,并获得其JWL状态方程参数。
Aiming at the problem of 3,4-dinitrofurazanfuroxan(DNTF) base explosive’s metal accelerating ability and JWL equation of state (EOS) has not researched and characterization, the DNTF/HMX explosive metal accelerating ability and JWL EOS was studied. The change rules of DNTF/HMX explosive’s cylinder expansion velocity, ratio energy and Gurney coefficient was researched by cylinder test, and the metal accelerating ability was compared with Octol. The JWL EOS of DNTF/HMX explosive was achieved. The results show that:DNTF could obviously improve the metal accelerating ability of composite explosive, and DNTF/HMX explosive’s Gurney coefficient was increased 5.5% than Octol. The JWL EOS constant of DNTF/HMX explosive was achieved.

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为了完善3，4-双（4′-硝基呋咱-3′-基）氧化呋咱（DNTF）的核磁表征，采用 NMR 实验与 GIAO-NMR 理论计算相结合的方法区分并归属13 C 和15 N 的化学位移。采用二甲基亚砜（ DMSO-d6）、丙酮（ Acetone-d6）和氯仿（ CDCl3）为溶剂，进行了 DNTF 的一维13 C NMR和15 N NMR实验，并在 DMSO-d6中获得 DNTF的所有核磁信号。采用二维 INADEQUATE实验完成了13 C NMR 的归属。采用高斯09程序，在 DFT-B3LYP/6-311＋G（2d，p）水平上优化了 DNTF 结构，用 GIAO 方法在不同基组上计算了13C NMR和15N NMR的化学位移，计算结果与实验值一致性较好。结果表明，受氧化呋咱环上氧原子 O（22）吸电子作用的影响， C（9）与 C（13）的化学位移出现较大的差别，与 C（13）相比，C（9）出现在高场。
In order to optimize the NMR assignment of 3,4-dinitrofurazanfuroxan(DNTF),a combination of experimental NMR and computational GIAO-NMR techniques was utilized to distinguish the chemical shifts of 13C and 15N. One dimensional(1D) 13 C and 15 N NMR analyses were performed using DMSO-d6 ,acetone-d6 and CDCl3 as solvent. All signals of DNTF were found in DMSO-d6 . In the 13 C NMR,the chemical shifts were assigned by 2D INADEQUATE NMR experiment. Based on the geometry of DNTF optimized at the DFT-B3LYP/6-311 +G(2d,p)level by using Guassian 09 program,the 13C and 15N NMR chemical shifts were calculated by GIAO method at different level,which agree with experimental data. Results show that the electro-withdrawing effect of the O(22)in furoxan cycle leads to large 13C chemical shift changes of C(9)and C(13),and makes C(9)appear in higher field than C(13).

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为了研究 DNTF（3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱）/ AP/ Al 体系炸药的能量特性,选取了质量比为 DNTF/AP/ Al（35/35/30）的试样进行了水下爆炸能量测定和爆热测试,并将试验结果与 TNT 和 RS211进行了对比。结果表明：试样的比冲击波能是 TNT 的1.38倍,与 RS211相当；比气泡能分别为 TNT 和 RS211的4.56倍和2.91倍；总能量为 TNT 和 RS211的3.56倍和2.26倍。经计算发现试样的能量利用率高达98％。为了研究造成该配方试样高气泡特性和高能量利用率的原因,通过分析对比试样、DNTF 和 DNTF/ Al（70/30）体系的水下爆炸试验结果发现, Al 粉的加入显著提高了比气泡能,降低了热损失能；Al 粉和 AP 的联用进一步提高了比气泡能和能量利用率,同时也提高了比冲击波能。
A DNTF/ AP/ AL explosive sample with mass ratio of 35 / 35 / 30 was selected to measure the underwater explosion energy and explosion heat in comparison with TNT and RS211 for the study of its energy characteristics. The re-sults show that its specific shock wave energy of sample is 1. 38 times of TNT and is equivalent to RS211; its specific bub-ble energy can be 4. 56 and 2. 91 times of TNT and RS211, respectively; and its total energy is 3. 56 and 2. 26 times of TNT and RS211, respectively. The calculation indicates that the sample has an energy efficiency up to 98% . Underwater explosion experimental results were analyzed for DNTF and DNTF/ Al (70 / 30) system to determine the factors responsible for the high bubble characteristic and high energy efficiency. It was found that the addition of Al powder significantly im-proved the specific bubble energy and reduced the heat losses. The combined usage of Al powder and AP can result in a further increase in specific bubble ene

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采用机械混合法制备了含5％纳米铝和含25％微米铝的DNTF压装混合炸药，测试了混合炸药的机械感度和爆热，同时对混合炸药的热安定性进行了分析。结果表明：与含30％微米铝的炸药对比，此炸药机械感度较低，但其爆热略低于含300／＆微米铝炸药；此炸药真空安定性优于含30％微米铝炸药，5s爆发点高，且其热失重率低于含微米铝炸药，说明加入纳米铝在一定程度上提高了DNTF压装混合炸药的热稳定性。
The DNTF-based pressed mixed explosives with 5%nano-Al and 25%micron Al were prepared by the mixed mechanically method, and the mechanical sensitivity and explosion heat have been tested, meanwhile, the thermal stability of mixed explosives were analyzed. The results showed that compared to DNTF mixed explosives with 30% micron Al, the mechanical sensitivity of the explosives with 5%nano-Al was lower, and the explosion heat was also a little lower. The vacuum stability was better than explosives with 30%micron Al, and the temperature of 5s thermal explosion delay was higher, as well as its weight loss was less, these illustrates that adding nano-Al can improve the thermal stability of DNTF pressed mixed explosives to some degree.

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用单轴抗拉实验、动态力学分析仪和简支梁抗冲实验研究了不同3，4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱（ DNTF）/ RDX 配比对DNTF/RDX改性双基（ CMDB）推进剂（ DNTF/RDX-CMDB，DFR推进剂）力学性能的影响。获得了-40℃下 DFR 推进剂的抗拉强度（σm ）、断裂延伸率（εm ）及抗冲强度（ aK ）。根据“时间-温度”等效原理的 WLF方程获得了 DFR推进剂β松弛阶段的动态特征量黏弹系数（Cg1）。分析了组分含量对各力学性能的影响和σm、εm 的变化规律。结果表明：低温下的σm、εm 和 aK 均与增塑剂含量间存在相关性。增塑剂含量减小，粘弹系数增加，NC分子侧基的“自由体积”下降，导致抗拉强度、断裂延伸率等力学性能降低。
Influence of different ratios of 1,3,5-trinitrohexahydrotriazine(RDX)to 3,4-bisnitrofurazan-furoxan(DNTF)on the me-chanical properties of DNTF/RDX composite modified double-base( CMDB)propellant( DNTF/RDX-CMDB,DFR propellant) was studied by uniaxial tensile test,charpy impact test and dynamic mechanical analyzer. The tensile strength(σm ),elongation at the maximum stress(εm )and impact strength( aK )of DFR propellant at -40 ℃ were obtained. The dynamical characteristics (viscoelastic coefficients Cg1)of β-relaxation was acquired by WLF equation according to the“Time-Temperature”equivalence principle. The effect of plasticizer content on the various mechanical properties and change rule of σm and εm were analyzed, showing that a good correlation between σm ,εm ,aK at low temperature and plasticizer content. The plasticizer content reducing, Cg1 increasing,“free volume of side group of NC molecule”decreasing make the mechanical performances(σm and εm )worsen.

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研究了2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪-1-氧化物(LLM-105)的含量和粒度对含LLM-105的改性双基推进剂机械感度的影响,并将LLM-105-CMDB推进剂的机械感度与含六硝基六氮杂异戊兹烷的改性双基推进剂(CL-20-CMDB)、含3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱的改性双基推进剂(DNTF-CMDB)及含奥克托今的改性双基推进剂(HMX-CMDB)的感度进行了比较。结果表明:用LLM-105逐步取代改性双基推进剂中的RDX,推进剂的机械感度也随之降低,撞击感度H50由23.4cm增加至39.3cm;高能量密度材料含量相同的几种改性双基推进剂机械感度由低往高依次为:LLM-105-CMDB、DNTF-CMDB、CL-20-CMDB、HMX-CMDB、RDX-CMDB。
The influence of the 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitro pyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) content and particle size on the impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity of composite modified double base propellant containing LLM-105 (LLM-105-CMDB propellant) was investigated, and these sensitivities of LLM-105-CMDB propellants were compared with those of composite modified double base propellant containing hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20-CMDB propellant),3,4-dinitro-furazanfuroxan (DNTF-CMDB propellant)and octogen (HMX-CMDB propellant).The results show that after LLM-105 is substituted for RDX, the impact and friction sensitivity of the propellant is decreased obviously, the impact sensitivity value of LLM-105-CMDB propellant is increased form 23.4cm to 39.3cm, the order of mechanical sensitivity of same content high energy density material from low to high is LLM-105-CMDB, DNTF-CMDB, CL-20-CMDB, HMX-CMDB and RDX-CMDB.

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为寻求可替代TNT用于熔铸炸药的液相载体,研究绘制了1,3,3-三硝基氮杂环丁烷(TNAZ)与3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱(DNTF)混合物的二元相图,并表征了最低共熔物的热安定性、感度、能量性能、渗油性等。结果表明:当TNAZ与DNTF质量比为60/40时为最低共熔物,其共熔点为79.0℃;最低共熔物热分解温度高、热安定性好,机械感度适中,静电火花感度优于B炸药;70℃恒温放置6h不渗油,是一种具有潜力的可替代TNT的熔铸炸药。
A phase diagram of 1,3,3-trinitroazetidine(TNAZ) and 3,4-dinitrofurazanofuroxan(DNTF) was drawn by Origin software. The thermal stability,sensitivity,energetic performance and the exudation of the eutectic mixture were characterized, in order to design a potential TNT replacement for melt-cast explosive.The results showed that when the weight percent of TNAZ was 60%,the mixture had the lowest melting point of 79.0℃.The eutectic mixture had good thermal stability, moderate mechanical sensitivity, its electrostatics sensitivity were superior to Comp.B. Furthermore, another advantage of eutectic mixture was that there was no exudates at 70℃ for 6h.The results indicated that the eutectic mixture was a potential replacement of TNT for melt-cast explosive.

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熔铸炸药是目前战斗部最主要的装药方式之一,但是现有以TNT为载体的熔铸炸药配方在能量、安全性、装药质量和力学性能等方面存在明显缺陷.本文详细综述了熔铸炸药连续相、高能量密度材料、综合降感技术、流变性研究和装药工艺5个方面国内外的研究现状,特别是归纳了以NTO、DNTF等为代表的新型含能材料的应用情况,提出了熔铸炸药在新型载体物质、高能钝感单质炸药、共晶炸药、功能助剂、高固相含量熔铸体系装药工艺等方面未来的主要发展方向.
Melt-cast explosive is one of the most important charge manners of warhead system,but there are considerable disadvantages in the formulations of TNT based melt-cast explosive,such as energy,safety,charge property and mechanical performance. The current situation is investigated in terms of continuous phase,high energy density material,desensitizing method,rheological property and charge process,especially the application of new type energetic materials represented by NTO、DNTF. At last,the main research orientations of new carrier compound,high energy density and insensitive material,co-crystal explosive,functional additive and the charge process of high solid loading suspension in the future are pointed out.

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为提高爆炸网络的传爆同步性和起爆能力，以亚微米级 HMX/DNTF 熔铸炸药作为沟槽装药、亚微米级HMX 为基的JO-11C 传爆药作为传爆药，设计了一种聚能装药用“一入八出”式多点同步起爆网络，采用传爆药轴向钢凹法研究了多点同步起爆网络的起爆、传爆、隔爆情况和起爆能力，并应用PXI数据采集仪对多点同步起爆网络的同步时间进行了测试。结果表明：该起爆网络起爆后钢鉴定块的凹陷深度明显且均匀对称分布，同步性误差不超过100ns，起爆能力的钢凹值比JO-9C传爆药的高7.45%。
In order to improve the synchronicity and initiation capacity of multi-point explosive circuit (MEC), a “one-in-and-eight-out” multi-point synchronous initiation circuit applying for shaped charge was developed, sub-micro HMX/ DNTF melt-cast explosive was used as channel charge and JO-11C based on sub-micro HMX was also used as booster explosive. The initiation situation, booster situation, explosive-proof situation and initiation capacity of synchronous initiation circuit were studied, by the axial steel concave act of booster explosive charge, and multi-point synchronous initiation time were tested by PXI data acquisition instrument. Test results show that steel concave depth of steel piece of identification are very clear and evenly distributed after the device was initiated , the synchronous time difference is no more than 100ns,its initiation capacity is higher 7.45% than that of JO-9C booster explosive.

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为了得到流变性能良好并且适用于微型沟槽装药的熔铸炸药配方,选取质量比为60/40的DNTF/TNT作为熔铸载体,HMX作为固相主体炸药,制备了不同配比时的熔铸炸药,并采用Brookfield R/S Plus流变仪对其进行了流变性能测试.对比和分析了固相主体炸药HMX的百分含量、颗粒大小和形貌以及温度对熔铸炸药粘度的影响.结果表明:随着HMX含量的增大和粒径的减小,熔铸悬浮体系的粘度增大;随着温度的升高,熔铸悬浮体系的粘度减小;在温度为85~90℃,适当的搅拌条件下,2μm超细主体炸药HMX的含量在40%~50%时,该熔铸配方具有良好的微型沟槽装药工艺性能.
In order to obtain the composition of melt-cast explosive with good rheological properties and suit-able micro grooves charging performance ,melt-cast explosives with different mass ratio were prepared by melt cast carrier DNTF/TNT with mass ratio 60/40 and solid loading explosive HMX .And the Brookfield R/S Plus rheometer was used to test the rheological properties .The influence of several factors on the viscosity of melt-cast explosive was contrasted and analyzed ,such as the percentage content ,particle size and morphology of solid explosive HMX and the temperature .The results show that the viscosity of melt-cast explosive increases with the increasing content and the decreasing particle size of HMX ,it decreases with the increasing tempera-ture .The melt-cast explosive composition has good micro grooves charging performance when the temperature is set at 85 ℃ to 90 ℃ and the content of 2μm HMX is served between 40% and 50% under the suitable stir-ring .

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