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双语推荐：台风半径

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首先用Jelesnianski台风风场模型及美国联合台风警报中心(JTWC)整编的台风资料,计算10级和7级风圈半径,并与气象部门的发布值相比,发现两者存在较大误差.进而,在Jelesnianski台风风场模型的基础上,提出一种基于最大风速半径、10级和7级风圈半径的台风风场模型,并比较两种台风风场模型的风速剖面.结果表明:该模型比包括被广泛应用的Jelesnianski台风风场模型在内的前人提出的台风风场模型都更接近台风风场实况,其中10级和7级风圈半径与气象部门的发布值是一致的.
The wind radii of level ten and level seven were calculated by Jelesnianski typhoon wind field model with typhoon data from Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC).The error was considerable when compared to the release value of meteorological de-partment.Thus a new typhoon wind filed model,which was based on the radii of maximum、level ten and level seven wind speed was proposed referring to Jelesnianski model.Then the wind profiles of the two models were compared.The result showed that the ty-phoon wind field calculated by the new model was more closer to reality than by any other models include the Jelesnianski model, which was popular used.And the wind radii of level ten and level seven in the new model were the same to the release value of mete-orological department.

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为提高台风浪模拟的精度，将Holland台风风场模型与CCMP背景风场相叠加，构造合成风场来驱动SWAN模型。运用Jason?2卫星数据进行验证，比较了不同的最大风速半径计算公式和Holland B参数组合构造出的合成风场对模拟结果影响。选取最优组合，运用自嵌套，模拟了台风“米雷”通过舟山海域的波浪场。结果表明舟山群岛对台风浪的阻挡效果明显，台风期间舟山东部海域波高大、周期长且涌浪影响明显，西部海域波高较小且以风浪影响为主。
To improve the accuracy of near?shore typhoon wave simulation, numerical simulations were made for typhoon during the period of typhoon Meari, based on SWAN, with combination of the Holland model wind field and CCMP wind field. The Jason?2 satellite data were used to verify the simulation results. The merged wind fields constructed by different maximum wind speed radius formula and parameter B were compared. Then, the typhoon Meari was simulated by adopted nested grid in SWAN. The results demonstrate that the retarding effect of Zhoushan Archipelago for typhoon wave is significant. During typhoon period, the significant wave height in the offshore areas of eastern Zhoushan Archipelago is higher than the one of the west. The offshore areas of eastern Zhoushan Archipel?ago are greatly affected by surge while the western Zhoushan Archipelago areas are dominated by wind wave.

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本研究提出了近海台风自适应定位方法(typhoon eye adaptive identifying and tracking,TEAIT).该方法主要基于多普勒反射率数据对近海台风的台风眼进行客观的识别和追踪.文中对4个典型台风个例使用TEAIT方法进行了定位测试,并将其与基于径向风的GBVTD-simplex和基于弱回波的TCET方法作比较.相比GBVTDsimplex方法,因为雷达回波的观测半径要大于径向风,TEAIT方法可以更早的追踪台风.对相同时段定位比较表明,两者中心定位差绝大部分都分布在5km内.进一步分析表明,差异大主要是在台风路径显著转向或者台风眼剧烈收缩时,此时台风环流中心和回波中心不重合导致.相比同样基于回波的TCET方法,TEAIT方法即便在台风结构不对称、眼不闭合、低层填塞等情况下都能成功定位,而TECT法在这些情形下容易定位失败.TEAIT方法比TECT方法表现出更好地识别和连续追踪能力.
In this study,a typhoon eye adaptive identifying and tracking(TEAIT)algorithm which based on radar re-flectivity is developed to obj ectively identify and track the center of typhoon near the coast.Four typical typhoon cases were selected to examine the performance of this method and the results were compared through two operational methods:the GBVTD-simplex(ground-based velocity-track-display)and the TCET(tropical cyclone eye tracking).The former is based on radar radial while the latter is based on weak echo.Since the observation range of reflectivity is larger than radial wind,TEAIT can track typhoon center earlier than GBVTD-simplex.The comparison in the same track period indicates the difference between those two methods is small.Most of center differences are within 5 km.The significant difference was found in the moment when the structure of the typhoon eye changes rapidly.In that case,the center of the wind field is not consistent with the center of reflectivity.Compa

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可能最大热带气旋的设定是可能最大风暴潮计算的基础,对风暴潮灾害应急疏散具有重要意义。利用1949~2011年中国气象局(CMA)西北太平洋热带气旋最佳路径数据集、美国联合台风预警中心(JTWC)以及美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)最大风速半径数据集,基于各等级热带气旋参数之间的定量关系,建立了各等级可能最大热带气旋最大风速、中心气压、最大风速半径、移动速度、移动方向等参数设定及路径合成的方法。以福建省连江县为例,按照台风、强台风及超强台风强度等级,分强度衰减和不衰减2种情况,设定3种移动方向,合成了共216场热带气旋作为可能最大风暴潮的计算输入。另外,对参数敏感性、风场参数设定、参数设定与计算量的关系、叠加天文潮以及溃堤等问题进行了讨论。
The parameterization of Probable Maximum Tropical Cyclones (PMTC) is of great importance to the computation of Probable Maximum Storm Surge (PMSS) for emergency evacuation planning at different scales of tropical cyclones. Based on the Best Track Dataset (1949-2011) of the western north pacific from CMA and other two databases, the radius of maximum wind from JTWC and NOAA, the quantitative relationships between the maximum winds and other parameters of various scales wereanalyzed and modeled. A method wasdeveloped to set maximum sustained wind, central pressure, radius of maximum winds, forward velocity and direction, and then to synthetize the full track with the above parameters. Taking Liangjiang County, Fujian province as an example area, 216 tropical cyclones were synthetized for tropical cyclones scaled at typhoon, severe typhoon and super typhoon, with decay and no-decay at 3 major directions. At last, parameter sensitivity, Holland B parameter setting, wind field parameter set

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本文在简述海洋二号(HY-2)卫星微波散射计工作机制及海面风场反演原理的基础上,针对HY-2卫星微波散射计在轨运行的数据,利用该散射计数据开展海面台风中心定位、结构、台风路径、风速等值线、大风半径等台风参数的定量化应用分析研究。同时将HY-2卫星观测到的海面风场与风云二号(FY-2E)卫星云图进行融合展示,并将HY-2海面风场与ASCAT反演的海面风场和浮标提供的观测数据进行对比验证,多方面的定量分析显示出HY-2卫星海面风场观测的有效性和在台风监测中的优势。最后,对HY-2卫星微波散射计的优缺点进行分析,展望了其可能的改进方向。
HY-2 scatterometer is a spaceborne pencil-beam radar measuring the backscatte-ring coefficient of ocean surface. Firstly,based on the description of the working mechanism and the principle of ocean surface wind retrieval from scatterometer data,quantitative analyses of some of the typhoons captured by HY-2 scatterometer in 2012 were carried out in this paper, which include location of the typhoon center,typhoon structure,path and the radius of maxi-mum wind speed. Secondly,ocean surface wind field was overplayed on the meteorological cloud image acquired by FY-2E satellite to reveal the consistency of spatial structure of these two sources of data. Furthermore,ocean surface wind field from ASCAT was also used to make a contrast to the ocean surface wind field of HY-2 scatterometer. Multi-angle analysis has re-vealed the validity of ocean surface wind field observation and the advantages of typhoon moni-toring by HY-2 scatterometer. Finally,the pros and cons of the HY-2 satellite microw

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利用ARW-WRF模式,以垂直方向40个模式层(对低层加密)、水平方向最高1 km的分辨率,对台风桑美(2006)进行数值模拟,模拟结果与实况基本一致。基于台风桑美(2006)1 km分辨率的模拟结果,对台风低层(海面或地表以上1500 m以下)风场结构进行了分析。结果表明,在台风登陆前,其最大风速半径附近存在水平风速在垂直方向有很强变化的风廓线,该类型风廓线的最大风速高度有明显变化,表现出类似急流的特征;而台风登陆后,其水平风速垂直变化明显减弱,即风廓线类型发生较大变化;另有一种水平风速在高层少变的风廓线类型在台风中是普遍存在的。还根据高层和低层两个切变因子,将台风登陆前的风廓线分为急流型、普通型和过渡型,并进一步分析各类风廓线在台风中出现的位置和急流高度。对急流型风廓线的形成原因也进行了初步探讨,结果表明,超/次梯度风在垂直方向上的变化是形成急流型风廓线的原因,而外围绝对角动量的输送在其中起关键作用。
In this study,the typhoon case of Saomai (2006)is well reproduced using the WRF-ARW system with a finest hori-zontal resolution of 1 km and vertical resolution of 40-model levels in which the lower levels are densified.Based on the 1 km simulated data of Typhoon Saomai (2006),the wind structure in the lower levels (below 1500 m height over sea level or ter-rain)over the typhoon are analyzed.The strong vertical shear of horizontal wind speed is found near the radius of maximum wind (RMW)during the typhoon staying over sea.Two shear factors for the high levels and low levels,respectively,are de-fined.And then vertical profiles of horizontal wind speed are categorized into four types according to the two shear factors,two of which are stronger in shear and belong to jet type profiles.Further,their locations in the typhoon and the jet heights for the four type vertical profiles of horizontal wind are analyzed.And the possible causes of generating the two jet type profiles are al-so analyze

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