南京市幕府山的早期露天开采使山体从地形、地貌到土壤、岩石，从景观系统到生态系统都受到了巨大破坏。近些年，当地政府实施了幕府山植被恢复重建工程，其整体绿化已经得到了明显改善。笔者从植物多样性的角度对幕府山的植被生长现状进行了为期1年的调查，意在为幕府山植被恢复工程的进一步实施提供参考。

Early strip mining in Mount Mufu,Nanjing City caused immense damage to its landscape system and ecosystem in topography, landforms, soil and rocks. The local government has carried out the vegetation restoration and reconstruction project on Mount Mufu in recent years and its overall greening has improved significantly. A 1-year survey was carried out by the author of the present vegetation growth situations on Mount Mufu from the perspective of plant diversity with the aim of providing reference for further implementation of the vegetation restoration project.

唐宋时期,受幕府之辟而入幕广西的诗人不在少数。因广西幕府的地位低,入幕诗人很难看到升迁的转机,他们普遍具有寄居的心态和百无聊赖的意趣。在这种心态和意趣的支配下,幕僚诗人的创作既不像大多数贬谪诗人失衡偏颇,也不像宦游诗人那样高调颂歌,而是多了几分冷静和客观。

In the Tang and Song Dynasties , poets recruited by the shogun officials became aides and staff to Guangxi’s shoguns in a no small number.Because of Guangxi’s shogun status was low, and the poetic assistants felt difficult to have a promotion opportunity, they generally had a sojourner mentality and boring interest .Under the depression of this kind of mentality and boring interest , the poems they composed, which were neither like those of most of the aggrandize staff poets nor like those of the grandiloquent rhetoric and chants by the loyal or expedition poets, were devoid of no balance or were biased but a bit more calm and objective .

以南京紫金山、幕府山和老山为研究对象，利用1992、1995、1998、2001、2003、2005、2007和2011年8期的LandsatTM／ETM＋数据进行缨帽变换，通过对变换后的各分量进行9-3一化操作进而建立森林干扰指数模型，然后进行3个区域森林干扰指数分级操作，最后借助森林资源二类调查数据以及GoogleEarth影像的目视解译结果，对发展的森林干扰指数分析方法进行了验证。验证结果表明：基于LandsatTM／ETM＋数据而发展的森林干扰分析方法是有效且可靠的。南京3个区域的森林干扰在1992--2001年间变化不明显，2001--2005年干扰上升明显，2005年之后下降趋势明显。空间上，幕府山森林受干扰最强，老山林场次之，紫金山最小。每个区域干扰强度的分布也各有特点，但相同的是区域周边的干扰指数明显大于中心地区。驱动南京城市森林干扰时空变化的因素主要包括人口增长、经济开发活动及景区游览等。

Taking the three areas of Zijin, Mufu and Laoshan Mountains located in Nanjing as the case study, using the Landsat TM/ETM+ observations dated in 1992, 1995, 1998, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007 and 2011, indices including brightness, greenness and wetness derived from the tasseled cap transform were obtained first, followed by the establish-ment of the forest disturbance index via a normalization approach. Ultimately, grading the forest disturbance severity was made and the forest disturbance analyses were in part validated by using the forest resources inventories coupled with the high spatial resolution Google Earth imagery. Results showed that the forest disturbance analysis methods developed from Landsat TM/ETM+ imagery in the current work were effective and reliable after an intensive validation. Forest disturb-ance intensity remained almost unchanged during the period 1992 to 2001, giving way to an increase in forest disturbance severity over the time period 2001 to 2005, connecting to

“知物哀”论是日本国学家本居宣长提出的具有日本民族特色的诗学理论。在幕府封建统治的时代背景下，“知物哀”论是作为以儒佛为中心的“劝善惩恶”论的反话语而被建构起来的；其本身包含着强调文学自律以及注重现世、以人为本的诗学主题。因此“知物哀”论具有时代的超前性，对日本近代文学理论产生重要影响。

The theory of“Mononoaware”, with its Japanese national characteristics, was proposed by Motoori Norinaga, Japanese poet and literary Scholar. it was brought up as the counter-discourse of the theory“promoting kindness and punishing evils”. The theory emphasizes literary autonomy, worldly being and human-centeredness. It has greatly influenced the literary theories of modern Japan ever since.

16世纪欧洲人抵日经商，发现这里盛产金银，但在日本锁国前（1640年），欧洲人只能运走白银，日本方面不但禁止黄金被运出，还让欧洲人运来黄金。锁国后，荷兰人成为唯一留在日本的西方人，幕府为了缓解日本白银的过多外流，遂允许荷兰人运走日本小判（金币）。以金代银是日本外贸政策的重要变化，预示着日兰贸易即将走向衰落。持续近百年的小判贸易，是日兰商贸交流的重要内容，亦是世界海洋贸易史及世界经济发展史的组成部分。

From the 16th century, the Europeans began to trade with Japan. Before Japan’ s seclu?sion in 1640, although Japan at that time was rich in gold and silver, it allowed the silver export to Euro?peans only. Gold was only imported from Europe as gold export to Europe was prohibited. Nevertheless, after Japan’ s seclusion in 1640, the Dutch was the only European country that was allowed to have trade with Japan. In order to avoid the excessive export of silver, Shogunate allowed the export of Koban, namely, gold, to Dutch. The export of gold instead of silver is a milestone to show the declining of trade between Japan and the Netherland. Koban trade is not only a major part in the trade between those two countries, but also an integral part of the history of world marine trade and the history of world economic development.